Networking Software (Continue)

Networking with UNIX-Type

of Operating Systems

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Objectives

 Describe the origins and history of the UNIX operating system

 Identify similarities and differences between popular
implementations of UNIX
 Describe the features and capabilities of servers running Solaris,
Linux, and Mac OS X Server
 Explain and execute essential UNIX commands

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Objectives (continued)

 Install and configure Linux on an Intel-based PC

 Manage users, groups, and file access permissions in Solaris,
Linux, and Mac OS X Server
 Explain how computers running other operating systems can
connect to UNIX servers

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A Brief History of UNIX

 UNIX led to development of TCP/IP

 Numerous vendors sell different UNIX varieties
 Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie developed UNIX at Bell Labs
(part of AT&T)
 System V

 UNIX source code was cheaply available from AT&T

 Quickly distributed to many organizations

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A Brief History of UNIX (continued)

 Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD): Berkeley versions of UNIX

 Added TCP/IP network subsystem to UNIX

 AT&T sold rights to UNIX

 Now owned by two groups:
 The SCO Group owns rights to UNIX source code
 The Open Group owns UNIX trademark

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Varieties of UNIX

 All flavors of UNIX share the following features:

 Support multiple, simultaneously logged-on users
 Coordinate multiple, simultaneously running tasks
 Mount disk partitions on demand
 Apply permissions for file and directory access and modification
 Uniform method of issuing data to or receiving data from hardware
devices, files, and running programs
 Start programs without interfering running programs

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Varieties of UNIX (continued)

 All flavors of UNIX share the following features (continued):

 Hundreds of subsystems, including dozens of programming languages
 Source code portability
 Window interfaces (e.g., X Windows)

 Two main categories:

 Proprietary
 Open source

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Proprietary UNIX

 Source code either unavailable or available only by purchasing

licensed copy from the SCO Group
 Mac OS X Server: Apple
 Runs on PowerPC-based computers

 Solaris: Sun
 Runs on SPARC-based workstations and servers, Intel-based Pentium-class
workstations and servers

 AIX: IBM
 Runs on PowerPC-based computers
 Does not run on Macs

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Proprietary UNIX (continued)

 Advantages:
 Accountability and support
 Optimization of hardware and software
 Predictability and compatibility

 Customer has no access to system’s source code

 Cannot customize

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Open Source UNIX

 Open source software available to anyone, without licensing fees

 Open source UNIX flavors:
 GNU
 BSD
 Linux

 Users can modify code

 Add functionality

 Can be installed on wide range of systems

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Three Flavors of UNIX

 Solaris used by Sun Microsystems on its SPARC-based servers

 Linux follows standard UNIX conventions, highly stable, and free
 Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991
 Widely supported and used
 Mac OS X Server: Runs on Apple’s Xserve line of computers as well
as Power Mac computers
 All support TCP/IP and other protocols
 Support many network topologies and physical media

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UNIX Server Hardware Requirements

 Any UNIX-type OS can act as a workstation or server OS

 Use of GUI optional
 Command line interface

 To estimate additional hardware required:

 Server usage?
 Applications and services to be run on server?
 Number of users?
 Peak usage time periods?
 Maximum tolerable downtime?

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Solaris Hardware Requirements

Table : Minimum hardware requirements for Solaris 10

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Linux Hardware Requirements

Table : Minimum hardware requirements for a Linux server

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Mac OS X Server Hardware Requirements

Table : Apple hardware recommendations for Mac OS X Server

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A Closer Look at UNIX: UNIX Multiprocessing

 Allocate separate resources (e.g., memory space) to each process

as it is created
 Enables partitioning of processes in memory
 Prevent programs from disrupting operation of entire system

 Support symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

 Solaris: up to 128 processors
 Linux: up to 32 processors
 Mac OS X Server: up to 2 processors

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The UNIX Memory Model

 Use both physical and virtual memory efficiently

 Allocate memory area for each application
 Sharing memory between programs wherever possible
 Increases efficiency

 Most use 32-bit addressing scheme

 Enables programs to access 4 GB of memory

 Most can run on CPUs employing 64-bit addresses

 Virtual memory: disk partition or a file

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The UNIX Kernel

 Core of all UNIX-type of systems

 Loaded into memory and runs computer turned on
 Coordinates access to computer’s hardware
 Can add or remove functionality by loading and unloading kernel
modules
 Files containing instructions for performing specific tasks
 Kernel origins:
 Solaris: original AT&T UNIX software
 Linux: Linus Torvalds
 Mac OS X Server (XNU): Mach

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UNIX System File and Directory Structure

 First OSs to implement hierarchical file system

 /boot directory contains kernel and other system initialization files
 Applications and services stored in /bin and /sbin directories
 /var directory holds variable data
 Users’ login directories typically in /home
 /Users on Mac OS X Server

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UNIX System File and Directory Structure
(continued)

Figure : UNIX file system hierarchy

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UNIX System File Services

 Disk File Systems:

 OS’s facility for organizing, managing, and accessing files through
logical structures and software routines
 Native file system type on Linux is ext3
 Solaris employs UFS
 Mac OS X Server employs HFS+ file system
 Can access FAT and NTFS partitions

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UNIX System File Services (continued)

 Network File Systems (NFSs): analogous to Windows shares or

NetWare network volumes
 Attach shared file systems (or drives) from Windows, NetWare, or other
UNIX servers and share files with users on other computers
 Sun Microsystems’ NFS
 Samba: open source application that implements Windows SMB and
CIFS file system protocols
 Included with Solaris, most Linux distributions, and Mac OS X Server
systems by default

 Mac OS X Server uses AFP

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A UNIX Command Sampler

 Command line is primary method of interacting with UNIX-type

systems
 Command interpreter (shell): program that accepts and runs typed
commands
 Primary UNIX command interpreter file is /bin/sh

 Every UNIX-type system contains full documentation of UNIX

commands in manual pages (man pages)
 Access via man command

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A UNIX Command Sampler (continued)

 Nine man page sections:

 Section 1 covers commands most typically entered
 Sections 2 through 5 document programmer’s interface to UNIX system
 Section 6 documents some amusements and games included in UNIX
system
 Section 7 describes device drivers
 Section 8 covers commands used by administrators to manage system
 Section 9 documents UNIX kernel functions programmers use when
writing device drivers

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A UNIX Command Sampler (continued)

 apropos command: find possible manual page entries for a

command
 Most commands are lowercase alphabetic characters
 To specify an option, usually type a hyphen (-) followed by a letter
 File globbing: equivalent to using wildcards in Windows and DOS
 UNIX directory separator character is “/”

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A UNIX Command Sampler (continued)

Table : Commonly used UNIX commands

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A UNIX Command Sampler (continued)

Table (continued): Commonly used UNIX commands

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A UNIX Command Sampler (continued)

Table (continued): Commonly used UNIX commands

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A UNIX Command Sampler (continued)

 Most frequently used UNIX command is ls

 For each file, system stores all information (except filename) in a file
information node (i-node)
 Beginning of disk partitions contain reserved space for all i-nodes on
partition
 Contain pointers to actual file contents

 Pipe (|): combine commands

 Output of one command is input to next
 Pipeline: two or more commands connected by a pipe

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A UNIX Command Sampler (continued)

Figure : Anatomy of ls –l output

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Installing Linux: Planning a Linux Installation

 Be prepared to answer following questions:

 What is the new server’s name?
 What is the server’s IP address?
 Also need subnet mask, IP address of server’s primary gateway, and IP
address of new server’s domain name server

 What kind of video card is installed in the server?

 What is the administrative user’s password?
 Root: administrating user name

 How can this information be remembered?

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Installing and Configuring Fedora Core

 Installation tasks:
 Select language
 Confirm keyboard layout
 Select Server installation type
 Select disk drive partitioning options
 Choose booting options
 Configure the network interface(s)
 Configure firewall and security level options
 Set the time and time zone
 Enter the root password

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Administering a UNIX-type of Server

 User names and passwords used to connect clients to network

 Access rights for groups
 Users may be members of multiple groups

 groupadd command enables addition of new group

 useradd command enables addition of new users
 Mac OS X Server uses GUI Workgroup Manager application

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Establishing Groups and Users on Linux and
Solaris

 groupadd command creates new group ID and makes group

available for use
 Assign unique ID number to each group
 Does not automatically assign access rights

 useradd command adds new user ID

 Creates user ID and assigns it to one or more groups
 -g option specifies initial group
 -G option specifies additional groups

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Establishing Groups and User
on Mac OS X Server

 Use Workgroup Manager application

 Creating new group does not assign users
 Assign unique name and numeric ID to groups

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Establishing Groups and User
on Mac OS X Server (continued)

Figure : User creation in Mac OS X Server’s Workgroup

Manager
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Changing File Access Permissions

 Every file and directory is owned by exactly one user and is a

member of exactly one group
 By default, when a user creates a file or directory, that user is the file
or directory’s owner

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Changing File Access Permissions
on Linux and Solaris

 Use chgrp command to assign a file or directory to a group

 Use chmod command to change file and directory permissions
 Uses two sets of abbreviations to specify permission changes for files
 First set identifies for whom change will occur [file’s owner (u for “user”),
file’s group (g), all others (o)]
 Second set identifies access rights [read (r), write (w), and execute (x)]
 Separated by plus or minus sign

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Changing File Access Permissions
on Mac OS X Server

 Accomplished through the GUI

 Must be logged on as system administrator

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Connecting to UNIX-Type of Servers

 UNIX-type of systems and Windows can both communicate via

TCP/IP
 File systems not necessarily compatible

 Samba: one application that bridges file system incompatibility

 Provides networking services necessary to make a UNIX-type system a
fully featured Windows file- and printer-sharing server
 Communicates with Windows servers using SMB file-sharing protocol
and CIFS protocol

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Connecting to UNIX-Type of Servers (continued)

 All modern flavors of UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X Server support

data sharing using directory services based on LDAP
 Solaris: Sun Java System Directory Server Enterprise Edition
 Linux: OpenLDAP
 Mac OS X Server: Open Directory

 UNIX-type of systems include full complement of Internet tools

 e.g., Telnet

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Connecting to UNIX-Type of Servers (continued)

Figure : Windows Telnet session

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Summary

 UNIX is a stable, flexible, and efficient NOS that relies on TCP/IP

and forms the basis of much of the Internet
 Many varieties of UNIX-type of systems exist, and each of these
belong to one of two categories: proprietary and open source
 Characteristics of UNIX-type of systems include the ability to
support multiple, simultaneous users; hierarchical files; a uniform
method for interacting with files, devices, and programs; hundreds
of subsystems and dozens of programming languages; and source
code portability

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Summary (continued)

 UNIX-type of systems use virtual memory and also allocate a

memory area for each application
 The UNIX kernel, the core of the OS, is loaded into memory from
disk and runs when you turn on your computer
 UNIX-type of systems were among the first to include a hierarchical
file system
 UNIX-type of systems support multiple file system types
 UNIX-type of network file systems include NFS and Samba

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Summary (continued)

 Consult the command’s manual (man) page by typing man

command at the shell prompt, and pressing Enter to learn more
about a command
 ls command is most frequently used command
 The useradd and groupadd commands allow you to add new users
and groups
 The chgrp and chmod commands assign files to groups and change
file access permissions

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Summary (continued)

 Installing the Samba application on a UNIX-type of server allows it

to exchange information with Windows servers by using Windows
file system and file access protocols
 All modern flavors of UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X Server support
data sharing using directory services based on LDAP
 Any client that runs the TCP/IP protocol can connect to a UNIX-type
of host, such as a Linux server, through the Telnet utility

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