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Telecommunications
Error Detection and Correction
Review
Overview
2BA5 Telecommunications
Interference
Thermal interference
2BA5 Telecommunications
2BA5 Telecommunications
2BA5 Telecommunications
Detection of Errors
Redundancy
Parity Check
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
Checksum
2BA5 Telecommunications
Redundancy
Error detection uses the concept of redundancy,
which means adding extra bits for detecting
errors at the destination
2BA5 Telecommunications
Detection methods
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Even-Parity Concept
10
1101111
1110010
1101100
1100100
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11001001
4
12
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15
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CRC: Sender
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CRC: Receiver
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Polynomial Notation
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Exercise: CRC
Frame: 1101011011
Generator: x4+x+1
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Frame: 1101011011
Generator: 10011
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Standard Polynomials
Name
Polynomial
Application
CRC-8
x8 + x2 + x + 1
ATM header
CRC-10
x10 + x9 + x5 + x4 + x 2 + 1
ATM AAL
ITU-16
x16 + x12 + x5 + 1
HDLC
ITU-32
LANs
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CRC Performance
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CRC-12 Performance
The CRC-12
x12 + x11 + x3 + x + 1
which has a degree of 12, will detect all burst
errors affecting an odd number of bits, will
detect all burst errors with a length less than
or equal to 12, and will detect, 99.97 percent
of the time, burst errors with a length of 12 or
more.
2BA5 Telecommunications
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00
00
24
bc
07
2c
33
40
e9
db
01
8a
7c
26
bd
7c
22
40
12
00
fc
00
3f
00
00
3f
3d
85
11
06
fa
00
93
0e
0f
00
85
77
b6
00
e0
86
a8
00
c4 08 00 45 00
e2 20 37 86 e2
6f 87 c0 50 18
00
...|".........E.
.,.&@.?..w.. 7..
$3...?=....o..P.
.@.|........
Ethernet Header:
src addr: 00 07 e9 7c 22 fc
dest addr: 00 11 93 85 e0 c4
IP Header:
src addr: 134.226.36.55
dest addr: 134.226.36.51
TCP Header:
src port: 445
dest port: 4671
NetBios Information
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Checksum
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Checksum II
Sender:
The unit is divided into k sections, each of n bits.
All sections are added using ones complement to get the sum.
The sum is complemented and becomes the checksum.
The checksum is sent with the data.
Receiver:
The unit is divided into k sections, each of n bits.
All sections are added using ones complement to get the sum.
The sum is complemented.
If the result is zero, the data are accepted: otherwise, rejected.
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Example: Checksum
Sender:
10101001
Sum
00111001
-----------11100010
Checksum
00011101
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Example: Checksum
Sender:
Receiver:
10101001
10101001
00111001
Sum
00111001
-----------11100010
Sum
11111111
Checksum
00011101
Complement
00000000
00011101
Complement: 00000000
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Example: Checksum
Sender:
Receiver:
10101001
Sum
00111001
-----------11100010
Checksum
00011101
10101111
11111001
00011101
Partial Sum 1 11000101
Carry
1
Sum
11000110
Complement
00111001
Complement: 00111001
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Parity Check
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
Checksum
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Correction of Errors
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Hamming Code
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Number of
redundancy bits
r
Total
bits
m+r
10
11
* Figure is courtesy of B. Forouzan
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Summary
Types of Errors
Detection of Errors
Parity Check
Two-Dimensional Parity Check
Cyclic-Redundancy Check (CRC)
Correction of Errors
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