Steel - Ch6 - Connections2

68402: Structural Design of
Buildings II
Design of Connections
Monther Dwaikat
Assistant Professor
Department of Building Engineering
An-Najah National University
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Slide # 1
Bolted Connections
Types of Connections
Simple Bolted Shear Connections
Bearing and Slip Critical Connections
Eccentric Bolted Connections
Moment Resisting Bolted Connections
Simple Welded Connections
Eccentric Welded Connections
Moment Resisting Welded Connections
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Slide # 2
Simple Connections
Bolted Connections
Common Bolts
High Strength Bolts

Slip Critical
Eccentric Connections
Welded Connections
Filet Weld
Groove Weld
Bearing Type
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Slide # 3
Simple Connections
Eccentric Connections
Bolted Connections
Elastic
Analysis
Ultimate
Analysis
Moment
Resisting
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Welded Connections
Elastic
Analysis
Ultimate
Analysis
Moment
Resisting
Slide # 4
Simple Bolted Connections
There are different types of bolted connections.

They can be categorized based on the type of
loading.
Tension member connection and splice. It subjects the

bolts to forces that tend to shear the shank.
Beam end simple connection. It subjects the bolts to forces

that tend to shear the shank.
Hanger connection. The hanger connection puts the bolts

in tension
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Slide # 5

P
Tension member
Connection/ splice
Beam end
Simple shear connection
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Slide # 6

P
Hanger connection
(Tension)
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Moment resisting
connection
Slide # 7

The bolts are subjected to shear or tension loading.
In most bolted connection, the bolts are subjected to shear.

Bolts can fail in shear or in tension.
You can calculate the shear strength or the tensile strength of a bolt
Simple connection: If the line of action of the force acting on

the connection passes through the center of gravity of the
connection, then each bolt can be assumed to resist an equal
share of the load.
The strength of the simple connection will be equal to the

sum of the strengths of the individual bolts in the connection.
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Slide # 8
Bolt Types & Materials

A307 - Unfinished (Ordinary or Common) bolts
low carbon steel A36, Fu = 413 MPa,
for light structures under static load
A325 - High strength bolts, heat-treated medium
carbon steel, Fu = 827 MPa,
for structural joints
A490 - High strength bolts, Quenched and
Tempered Alloy steel, Fu = 1033 MPa
for structural joints
A449 - High strength bolts with diameter > 1 ,
anchor bolts, lifting hooks, tie-downs
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Slide # 9
Common Bolts
ASTM A307 bolts

Common bolts are no longer common for current structural
design but are still available
Pu Rn
Rn
0.75
f v Abolt
f v 165 MPa
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Slide # 10
High Strength Bolts
High strength bolts (HSB) are available

as ASTM A 325 and ASTM A490
Bolt
Washer
Courtesy of Kao Wang Screw Co., Ltd.
Nut
Advantages of HSB over A307 bolts
Slip Critical
Bearing Type
Fewer bolts will be used compared to 307 cheaper connection!
Smaller workman force required compared to 307
Higher fatigue strength
Ease of bolt removal changing connection

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Slide # 11
High Strength Bolts
Snug tight
Pre-tensioned
All plies of the connection are in firm contact to

each other: No pretension is used.
Easer to install and to inspect
Courtesy of www.halfpricesurplus.com
Bolts are first brought to snug tight status

Bolts are then tensioned to 70% of their tensile
stresses
Bolts are tensioned using direct tension indicator, calibrated wrench or other
methods (see AISC)
Slip critical
Bolts are pre-tensioned but surfaces shall be treated to develop specific friction.
The main difference is in design, not installation. Load must be limited not to
exceed friction capacity of the connection (Strength Vs. Serviceability!)
Necessary when no slip is needed to prevent failure due to fatigue in bridges.
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Slide # 12
HSB Bearing Type Connections
The shear strength of bolts shall be determined as follows
0.75
Pu Rn
Rn
f v Abolt
AISC Table J3.2
The table bellow shows the values of fv (MPa) for different types of bolts
Type
Type N Thread
Type X Thread
A325
330
413
A490
413
517
If the level of threads is not known, it is conservative to

assume that the threads are type N.
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Slide # 13
Bolted Shear Connections
We want to design the bolted shear connections so that

the factored design strength (Rn) is greater than or equal
to the factored load. Rn Pu
So, we need to examine the various possible failure

modes and calculate the corresponding design strengths.
Possible failure modes are:
Shear failure of the bolts

Failure of member being connected due to fracture or yielding or .
Edge tearing or fracture of the connected plate
Tearing or fracture of the connected plate between two bolt holes
Excessive bearing deformation at the bolt hole
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Slide # 14
Failure Modes of Bolted

Connections
Bolt Shearing
Tension Fracture
Plate Bearing
Block Shear
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Slide # 15
Actions on Bolt
Shear, bearing, bending
P
P
P
Lap Joint
P
Bearing and single plane Shear
P
Bending
Butt Joint
P/2
P/2
P
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Bearing and double plane Shear

P/2
P
P/2
Slide # 16
Possible failure modes
Failure of bolts: single or double shear
PSingle Shear
f v Abolt
PDouble Shear 2 f v Abolt
P/2
Single shear
P
Double shear
P/2
Failure of connected elements:
Shear, tension or bending failure of the connected elements (e.g. block shear)
Bearing failure at bolt location
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Slide # 17
Shear failure of bolts
Average shearing stress in the bolt = fv = P/A = P/(db2/4)
Bolts can be in single shear or double shear as shown above.
P is the load acting on an individual bolt

A is the area of the bolt and db is its diameter
Strength of the bolt = P = fv x (db2/4)
stress = 0.6Fy
where fv = shear yield
When the bolt is in double shear, two cross-sections are effective

in resisting the load. The bolt in double shear will have the twice
the shear strength of a bolt in single shear.
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Slide # 18
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Slide # 19
Failure of connected member
We have covered this in detail in this course on tension members

Member can fail due to tension fracture or yielding.
Bearing failure of connected/connecting part due to

bearing from bolt holes
Hole is slightly larger than the fastener and the fastener is loosely
placed in hole
Contact between the fastener and the connected part over

approximately half the circumference of the fastener
As such the stress will be highest at the radial contact point (A).
However, the average stress can be calculated as the applied force
divided by the projected area of contact
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Slide # 20
Average bearing stress fp = P/(db t), where P is the force applied to

the fastener.
The bearing stress state can be complicated by the presence of

nearby bolt or edge. The bolt spacing and edge distance will have
an effect on the bearing strength.
Bearing stress effects are independent of the bolt type because

the bearing stress acts on the connected plate not the bolt.
A possible failure mode resulting from excessive bearing close to

the edge of the connected element is shear tear-out as shown
below. This type of shear tear-out can also occur between two
holes in the direction of the bearing load.
Rn = 2 x 0.6 Fu Lc t = 1.2 Fu Lc t
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Slide # 21
The bearing strength is independent of the bolt material as it is failure in

the connected metal
PBearing
f p d bolt t
The other possible common failure is shear end failure known as shear
0.75
Pu R
tear-out at the connection
end
n
Rn 1.2 Lc t Fu 2.4 d t Fu
Shear limitation
Lc
Lc
Bearing limitation
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Slide # 22
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Slide # 23
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Slide # 24
Spacing and Edge-distance

requirements
The AISC code gives guidance for edge distance and spacing to
avoid tear out shear
h
AISC Table J3.4
Lc Le
2
h is the hole diameter h d bolt 1.6 mm
Le
Le
NOTE: The actual hole diameter is 1.6 mm bigger than the bolt,
we use another 1.6 mm for tolerance when we calculate net area. Here use 1.6 mm only not 3.2
Bolt spacing is a function of the bolt diameter
S 3 d bolt
Common we assume
The AISC minimum spacing is
S 2 23 d bolt
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Slide # 25
Bolt Spacings & Edge Distances
Bolt Spacings
- Painted members or members not subject to corrosion:
2 2/3d Bolt Spacings 24t or 305 mm
(LRFD J3.3)
(LRFD J3.5)
- Unpainted members subject to corrosion:
3d Bolt Spacings 14t or 178 mm
Edge Distance
Values in Table J3.4M Edge Distance 12t or 152 mm
(LRFD J3.4)
(LRFD J3.5)
d - bolt diameter
t - thickness of thinner plate
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Slide # 26
To prevent excessive deformation of the hole, an upper limit is

placed on the bearing load. This upper limit is proportional to the
fracture stress times the projected bearing area
Rn = C x Fu x bearing area = C Fu db t
yp
If deformation is not a concern then C = 3, If deformation is a

concern then C = 2.4
C = 2.4 corresponds to a deformation of 6.3 mm.

Finally, the equation for the bearing strength of a single bolts is Rn
where, = 0.75 and Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu < 2.4 db t Fu
Lc is the clear distance in the load direction, from the edge of the
bolt hole to the edge of the adjacent hole or to the edge of the
material
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Slide # 27
This relationship can be simplified as follows:

The upper limit will become effective when 1.2 L c t Fu > 2.4 db t Fu
i.e., the upper limit will become effective when L c > 2 db
If Lc < 2 db,
Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
If Lc > 2 db,
Rn = 2.4 db t Fu
Fu - specified tensile strength of the connected material

Lc - clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge of
the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the material.
t - thickness of connected material
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Slide # 28
Important Notes
Lc Clear distance
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Slide # 29
Design Provisions for Bolted

Shear Connections
In a simple connection, all bolts share the load equally.
T/n
T/n
T/n
T/n
T/n
T/n
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Slide # 30

Shear Connections
In a bolted shear connection, the bolts are subjected to

shear and the connecting/connected plates are subjected
to bearing stresses.
T
Bearing stresses in plate

T
Bolt in shear
T
Bearing stresses in plate
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Slide # 31

Shear Connections
The shear strength of all bolts = shear strength of one bolt

x number of bolts
The bearing strength of the connecting / connected plates

can be calculated using equations given by AISC
specifications.
The tension strength of the connecting / connected plates

can be calculated as discussed in tension members.
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Slide # 32
AISC Design Provisions
Chapter J of
connections.
the AISC Specifications
Section J3 focuses on bolts and threaded parts
AISC Specification J3.3 indicates that the minimum

distance (s) between the centers of bolt holes is 2.67. A
distance of 3db is preferred.
AISC Specification J3.4 indicates that the minimum edge

distance (Le) from the center of the bolt to the edge of the
connected part is given in Table J3.4. Table J3.4 specifies
minimum edge distances for sheared edges, edges of
rolled shapes, and gas cut edges.
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focuses
Slide # 33
on
AISC Specification indicates that the maximum edge

distance for bolt holes is 12 times the thickness of the
connected part (but not more than 152 mm). The maximum
spacing for bolt holes is 24 times the thickness of the
thinner part (but not more than 305 mm).
Specification J3.6 indicates that the design tension or

shear strength of bolts is FnAb
= 0.75
Table J3.2, gives the values of F
A is the unthreaded area of bolt.
In Table J3.2, there are different types of bolts A325 and A490.
n
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Slide # 34
The shear strength of the bolts depends on whether threads are

included or excluded from the shear planes. If threads are included
in the shear planes then the strength is lower.
We will always assume that threads are included in the

shear plane, therefore less strength to be conservative.
We will look at specifications J3.7 J3.9 later.
AISC Specification J3.10 indicates the bearing strength of plates at

bolt holes.
The design bearing strength at bolt holes is Rn

Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu 2.4 db t Fu
design consideration
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- deformation at the bolt holes is a

Slide # 35
Common bolt terminologies
A325-SC slip-critical A325 bolts

A325-N snug-tight or bearing A325 bolts with
thread included in the shear planes.
A325-X - snug-tight or bearing A325 bolts with
thread excluded in the shear planes.
Gage center-to-center distance of bolts in
direction perpendicular to
p
members axis
p
p
Pitch ...parallel to members axis
Edge Distance Distance from
center of bolt to adjacent
edge of a member
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Edge
distance
p
Slide # 36
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
Calculate and check the design strength of the simple

connection shown below. Is the connection adequate for
carrying the factored load of 300 kN.
10 mm
3/8
in.
120x15
5 x mm
A36
301.25
mm
A36
60 2.50
mm
65
300
63kkN
k
301.25
mm
A325-N
20
in.mm
bolts
bolts
30 mm
1.25 602.50
mm 1.25
30 mm
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Slide # 37
Step I. Shear strength of bolts
The design shear strength of one bolt in shear = Fn Ab = 0.75 x

330 x x 202/4000 = 77.8 kN
(See Table J3.2)
F A = 77.8 kN per bolt
Shear strength of connection = 4 x 77.8 = 311.2 kN
n
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Slide # 38
Step II. Minimum edge distance and spacing requirements
See Table J3.4M, minimum edge distance = 26 mm for rolled edges

of plates
The given edge distances (30 mm) > 26 mm. Therefore, minimum edge
distance requirements are satisfied.
Minimum spacing = 2.67 db = 2.67 x 20 = 53.4 mm.

(AISC Specifications J3.3)
Preferred spacing = 3.0 db = 3.0 x 20 = 60 mm.

The given spacing (60 mm) = 60 mm. Therefore, spacing requirements
are satisfied.
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Slide # 39
Step III. Bearing strength at bolt holes.
Bearing strength at bolt holes in connected part (120x15 mm plate)
At edges, L = 30 hole diameter/2 = 30 (20 + 1.6)/2 = 19.2

R = 0.75 x (1.2 L t F ) = 0.75 x (1.2 x19.2 x15x400)/1000 = 103.7 kN
But, R 0.75 (2.4 d t F ) = 0.75 x (2.4 x 20x15x400)/1000 = 216 kN
Therefore, R = 103.7 kN at edge holes.
At other holes, s = 60 mm, L = 60 (20 + 1.6) = 38.4 mm.
R = 0.75 x (1.2 L t F ) = 0.75x(1.2 x 38.4 x15 x400)/1000 = 207.4 kN
But, R 0.75 (2.4 d t F ) = 216 kN. Therefore R = 207.4 kN
c
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Slide # 40
Therefore, Rn = 216 kN at other holes

Therefore, bearing strength at holes = 2 x 103.7 + 2 x 207.4 = 622.2 kN
Bearing strength at bolt holes in gusset plate (10 mm plate)
At edges, L = 30 hole diameter/2 = 30 (20 + 1.6)/2 = 19.2 mm.

R = 0.75 x (1.2 L t F ) = 0.75 x (1.2 x 19.2 x 10 x 400)/1000 = 69.1
c
kN
But, Rn 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 0.75 x (2.4 x 20 x 10 x 400)/1000 = 144

kN.
Therefore, Rn = 69.1 kN at edge holes.
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Slide # 41

At other holes, s = 60 mm, L = 60 (20 +1.6) = 38.4 mm.
R = 0.75 x (1.2 L t F ) = 0.75 x (1.2 x 38.4 x 10x 400)/1000 = 138.2
c
kN
But, Rn 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 144 kN

Therefore, Rn = 138.2 kN at other holes
Therefore, bearing strength at holes = 2 x 69.1 + 2 x 138.2 = 414.6 kN
Bearing strength of the connection is the smaller of the bearing

strengths = 414.6 kN
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Slide # 42

Connection Strength
Shear strength = 311.2
Bearing strength (plate) = 622.2 kN
Bearing strength (gusset) = 414.6 kN
Connection strength (Rn) > applied factored loads (Q).
311.2 > 300
Therefore ok.
Only connections is designed here

Need to design tension member and gusset plate
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Slide # 43
Eccentrically-Loaded Bolted Connections

P
Pe
CG
CG
Pe
e
e
Eccentricity in the plane of

the faying surface
Eccentricity normal to the plane

of the faying surface
Direct Shear + Additional Shear due to

moment Pe
Direct Shear + Tension and Compression

(above and below neutral axis)
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Slide # 44
Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts
Eccentricity in the plane of the faying surface

LRFD Spec. presents values for computing design
strengths of individual bolt only. To compute
forces on group of bolts that are eccentrically
loaded, there are two common methods:
Elastic Method:
Conservative. Connected parts

assumed rigid. Slip resistance between
connected parts neglected.
Ultimate Strength Method (or Instantaneous Center of
Gravity Method):
Most realistic but tedious to apply
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Slide # 45

with Eccentricity on the Faying Surface
Elastic Method
e
Pe
r3
d1
d3
P/3 CG
CG
P/3
r1
d2
r2
P/3
Assume plates are perfectly rigid and bolts perfectly elastic

rotational displacement at each bolt is proportional to its distance
from the CG stress is greatest at bolt farthest from CG
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Slide # 46

MCG = Pe = r1d1 + r2d2 + r3d3
Since the force on each bolt is proportional to its distance
from the CG:
r3
r1 r2
d1 d 2 d 3
r1d 3
r1d1
r1d 2
r1
; r2
; r3
d1
d1
d1
Substitute into eqn. for MCG:

2
M CG
M CG
r1
r1d 3
r1d1
r1d 2
r1
2
2
2
d1 d 2 d 3
d1
d1
d1
d1
r1
d2
d1
M CG d1
M CG d 2
M CG d 3
;
r
;
r
2
3
2
2
2
d
d
d
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Slide # 47

M d y
ry
pmx r1 sin 1 1 CG 1 1
d1
d1
d2
H1
CG
d1
y 1 r1
V1
x1
pmx
pmy
Total Forces in Bolt i:

-Horizontal Component =
-Vertical Component
M CG y1
M CG x1
d2
Pe y1
d2
d2
Pe x1
Peyi
d2
Pexi
P
n
d2
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Slide # 48
Ex. 6.3 Eccentric Connections

Elastic Method
Determine the force in the most stressed bolt of the group
using elastic method
e
125 mm
100
mm
100
mm
100
mm
CG
100
mm
P=140 kN
Eccentricity wrt CG:
e = 125 + 50 = 175 mm
Direct Shear in each bolt:
P/n = 140/8 = 17.5 kN
Note that the upper right-hand and
the lower right-hand bolts are the
most stressed (farthest from CG and
consider direction of forces)
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Slide # 49

Elastic Method
Additional Shear in the upper and lower right-hand bolts
due to moment M = Pe = 140x175 = 24500 kN.mm:
x 2 y 2 (8)(50) 2 (4)(50 2 150 2 ) 120000
pmx
My
( 22500)(150)
30.6 kN
2
d
120000
pmy
Mx
(24500)(50)
10.2 kN
2
d
120000
The forces acting on the upper right-hand bolt are as

follows:
The resultant force on this bolt is:
30.6 kN
10.2 kN
R (10.2 17.5) 2 (30.6) 2 41.3 kN
17.5 kN
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Slide # 50
Eccentricity Normal to Plane of Faying Surface

(a) Neutral Axis at CG
2rut
Shear force per bolt due to concentric force Pu

ruv = Pu/n
n: # of bolts
Bolts above NA are in tension. Bolts below NA

are in compression. Tension force per bolt:
rut = (Pue)/ndm
n: # of bolts above NA
dm: moment arm between resultant tensile and
compressive forces
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Slide # 51
Eccentricity Normal to Plane of Faying Surface

(b) Neutral Axis Not at CG
Bolts above NA resist tension
tf
Depth
d=Depth/6
CG
(tension
group)
X
beff
Bearing stress below NA resist compression
2rut
Shear per bolt due to concentric

force Pu:
ruv= Pu/n
NA
Select first trial location of NA as 1/6

of the total bracket depth.
Effective width of the compression
block:
beff = 8tf bf (for W-shapes, Sshapes, welded plates and
angles)
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Slide # 52

Check location of NA by equating the moment of the bolt area
above the NA with the moment of the compression block area
below the NA:
Ab x y = beff x d x d/2
Ab = sum of areas of bolts above the NA
y = distance from X-X to the CG of bolts above NA
d = depth of compression block (adjust until satisfy)
Once the NA has been located, the tensile force per bolt:
rut = (PuecAb)/Ix
c = distance from NA to most remote bolt in group
Ix = combined moment of inertia of bolt group and compression block
about NA
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Slide # 53
Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension
Nominal Tension Stress Ft of a bolt subjected to combined

factored shear stress (fv =Vu/NbAb) and factored tension stress (ft =
Tu/NbAb) can be computed as functions of fv as:
Fnt
Fnt 1.3Fnt
f v Fnt
Fnv
= 0.75
F = nominal tensile strength modified to include the effect of shear
F = nominal tensile strength from Table J3.2 in (AISC Spec.)
F = nominal shear strength from Table J3.2 in (AISC Spec.)
f = the required shear stress
nt
nt
nv
Bolt Type
Fnt (MPa)
A325
A490
620
780
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Slide # 54
Ex. 6.5 Combined Tension & shear

Is the bearing-type connection below satisfactory for the
combined tension and shear loads shown?
Shear stress per bolt: fv = Vu/NbAb=537000/(8x380)= 176.6 MPa
Fnv=(0.75)(413)=310 MPa> fv = 176.6 MPa (OK)
1200 kN 537 kN
1073 kN
Tension stress per bolt:

ft = Tu/NbAb=1073000/(8x380)= 353 MPa
1
2
Eight 22 mm
A325X bolts
Nominal Tension Strength Ft (Table J3.5)

Ft = 0.75[(1.3x620 (620/310)x176.6) 620]
= 496 MPa 620]
= 496 MPa > ft = 353 MPa (OK)
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Slide # 55
Simple Welded Connections
Structural welding is a process by which the parts that

are to be connected are heated and fused, with
supplementary molten metal at the joint.
A relatively small depth of material will become molten,
and upon cooling, the structural steel and weld metal will
act as one continuous part where they are joined.
Fillet weld
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Fillet weld
P
Slide # 56
Introductory Concepts
Welding Process Fillet Weld

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Slide # 57
The additional metal is deposited from a special

electrode, which is part of the electric circuit that includes
the connected part.
In the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process, current arcs

across a gap between the electrode and the base metal, heating
the connected parts and depositing part of the electrode into the
molten base metal.
A special coating on the electrode vaporizes and forms a

protective gaseous shield, preventing the molten weld metal from
oxidizing before it solidifies.
The electrode is moved across the joint, and a weld bead is

deposited, its size depending on the rate of travel of the electrode.
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Slide # 58
As the weld cools, impurities rise to the surface, forming a

coating called slag that must be removed before the member is
painted or another pass is made with the electrode.
Shielded metal arc welding is usually done manually and is the

process universally used for field welds.
For shop welding, an automatic or semi automatic process

is usually used. Foremost among these is the submerged
arc welding (SAW),
In this process, the end of the electrode and the arc are
submerged in a granular flux that melts and forms a
gaseous shield. There is more penetration into the base
metal than with shielded metal arc welding, and higher
strength results.
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Slide # 59
Other commonly used processes for shop welding are

gas shielded metal arc, flux cored arc, and electro-slag
welding.
Quality control of welded connections is particularly

difficult, because defects below the surface, or even minor
flaws at the surface, will escape visual detection. Welders
must be properly certified, and for critical work, special
inspection techniques such as radiography or ultrasonic
testing must be used.
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Slide # 60
The two most common types of welds are the fillet weld
and the groove weld. Fillet weld examples: lap joint fillet
welds placed in the corner formed by two plates
Tee joint fillet welds placed at the intersection of two
plates.
Groove welds deposited in a gap or groove between two

parts to be connected
e.g., butt, tee, and corner joints with beveled (prepared)
edges
Partial penetration groove welds can be made from one or

both sides with or without edge preparation.
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Slide # 61
Welded Connections
Classification of welds
According to type of weld
Groove weld
Fillet weld
According to weld position
Flat, Horizontal, vertical or overhead weld
According to type of joint

Butt, lap, tee, edge or corner
According to the weld process

SMAW, SAW
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Slide # 62
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Slide # 63
Weld Limit States

The only limit state of the weld metal in a
connection is that of fracture
Yielding is not a factor since any deformation that
might take place will occur over such a short
distance that it will not influence the performance of
the structure
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Slide # 64
Design of Welded
Connections
Fillet welds are most common and used in all structures.
Weld sizes are specified in 1 mm increments
A fillet weld can be loaded in any direction in shear,

compression, or tension. However, it always fails in
shear.
The shear failure of the fillet weld occurs along a plane

through the throat of the weld, as shown in the Figure
below.
68402/61420
Slide # 65
Design of Welded
Connections
hypotenuse
Throat = a x cos45o
= 0.707 a
root
Failure Plane
L length of the weld

a size of the weld
68402/61420
Slide # 66
Design of Welded
Connections
Shear stress in fillet weld of length L subjected to load P

P
= fv =
0.707 a L w
If the ultimate shear strength of the weld = fw
Rn = f w 0.707 a L w
Rn = 0.75 f w 0.707 a L w
i.e., factor = 0.75
fw = shear strength of the weld metal is a function of the

electrode used in the SMAW process.
The tensile strength of the weld electrode can be 413, 482, 551, 620,
688, 758, or 827 MPa.
The corresponding electrodes are specified using the nomenclature
E60XX, E70XX, E80XX, and so on. This is the standard terminology
for weld electrodes.
68402/61420
Slide # 67
Design of Welded
Connections
The two digits "XX" denote the type of coating.
The strength of the electrode should match the strength of

the base metal.
If yield stress (y) of the base metal is 413 - 448 MPa, use
E70XX electrode.
If yield stress (y) of the base metal is 413 - 448 MPa, use
E80XX electrode.
E70XX is the most popular electrode used for fillet welds

made by the SMAW method.
E electrode
70 tensile strength of electrode (ksi) = 482 MPa
XX type of coating
68402/61420
Slide # 68
Fillet Weld
Stronger in tension and compression than in shear

Concave
Surface
Convex
Surface
Leg
Throat
Unequal leg
fillet weld
Leg
Leg
Throat
Leg
Fillet weld designations:

12 mm SMAW E70XX: fillet weld with equal leg size of 12 mm,
formed using Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process, with filler metal
electrodes having a minimum weld tensile strength of 70 ksi.
9 mm-by-12 mm SAW E110XX: fillet weld with unequal leg sizes,
formed by using Submerged Arc Metal process, with filler metal
electrodes having a minimum weld tensile strength of 758 MPa.
68402/61420
Slide # 69
Fillet Weld Strength

Stress in fillet weld = factored load/eff. throat area
Limit state of Fillet Weld is shear fracture through
the throat, regardless of how it is loaded
0.75
f w 0.6 FEXX
Design Strength:
Vn f wte Lw
For equal leg fillet weld:
Vn f w ( 0.707 a )Lw
68402/61420
Slide # 70
Design of Welded
Connections
Table J2.5 in the AISC Specifications gives the weld design

strength
fw = 0.60 FEXX
For E70XX, fw = 0.75 x 0.60 x 482 = 217 MPa
Additionally, the shear strength of the base metal must also

be considered:
R = 0.9 x 0.6 F x area of base metal subjected to shear

where, F is the yield strength of the base metal.
n
68402/61420
Slide # 71
Design of Welded
Connections
For example
T
Plan
Elevation
Strength of weld in shear = 0.75 x 0.707 x a x Lw x fw
In weld design problems it is advantageous to work with

strength per unit length of the weld or base metal.
68402/61420
Slide # 72
Limitations on Weld Dimensions

Minimum size (amin)
Function of the thickness of the thinnest connected plate

Given in Table J2.4 in the AISC specifications
Maximum size (amax)
function of the thickness of the thinnest connected plate:

for plates with thickness 6 mm, amax = 6 mm.
for plates with thickness 6 mm, amax = t 2 mm.
Minimum length (Lw)
Length (Lw) 4 a
otherwise, aeff = Lw / 4
Read J2.2 b page 16.1-95

Intermittent fillet welds:
68402/61420
a = weld size
Lw-min = 4 a and 38 mm.

Slide # 73
Limitations on Weld Size AISC

Specifications J2.2b Page 16.1-95
The minimum length of fillet weld may not be less than 4 x

the weld leg size. If it is, the effective weld size must be
reduced to of the weld length
The maximum size of a fillet weld along edges of material
less than 6 mm thick equals the material thickness. For
material thicker than 6 mm, the maximum size may not
exceed the material thickness less 2 mm. (to prevent
melting of base material)
The minimum weld size of fillet welds and minimum effective
throat thickness for partial-penetration groove welds are
given in LRFD Tables J2.4 and J2.3 based on the thickness
of the base materials (to ensure fusion and minimize
distortion)
Minimum end return of fillet weld 2 x weld size
68402/61420
Slide # 74
Limitations on Weld Dimensions
Maximum effective length - read AISC J2.2b
If weld length Lw < 100 a, then effective weld length (Lw-eff) = Lw

If Lw < 300 a, then effective weld length (Lw-eff) = Lw (1.2 0.002 Lw/a)
If Lw > 300 a, the effective weld length (Lw-eff) = 0.6 Lw
Weld Terminations - read AISC J2.2b
Lap joint fillet welds terminate at a distance > a from edge.

Weld returns around corners must be > 2 a
68402/61420
Slide # 75
Guidelines for Fillet Weld design
Two types of fillet welds can be used
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

Sh
teff 0.707 a
r
ea
lu
ai
re
an
pl
0.707 a
AISC
J2.2
AutomaticteffSubmerged
Arc Section
Welding
(SAW)
a
68402/61420
Slide # 76
Weld Symbols
(American Welding Society AWS)

10
12
200
Fillet weld on arrow side. Welds leg size is 10 mm.

Weld size is given to the left of the weld symbol. Weld
length (200 mm) is given to the right of the symbol
75@125
Fillet weld, 12 mm size and 75 mm long intermitten

welds 125 on center, on the far side
6
10
200
Field fillet welds, 6 mm in size and 200 mm long, both

sides.
50@150
Fillet welds on both sides, staggered intermitten 10

mm in size, 50 mm long and 150 mm on center
Weld all around joint
Tail used to reference certain specification or process
68402/61420
Slide # 77

0.707 a
Fillet weld design can be governed by the smaller value of
Weld material strength
P u _ Weld ( 0.707 a Lweld f w )
0.75
Base Metal Strength

P
AISC Table J2.5
u _ BM
&
f w 0.6 FExx
Electrode
FEXX (MPa)
E70XX
482
E80XX
551
( tbase Lweld 0.6 FY )
0.9
68402/61420
Yield Limit State

Slide # 78
The weld strength will increase if the

force is not parallel to the weld
P u _ Weld ( 0.707 a Lweld f w )
f w 0.6 FExx 1 0.5 sin1.5 & 0.75
Maximum weld size
if tbase 6 mm
6 mm
t weld _ max
tbase 2 mm if tbasemetal 6 mm
Minimum weld size
t weld _ min tthinner part

AISC Table J2.4
68402/61420
Slide # 79
Capacity of Fillet Weld

The weld strength is a function of the angle
P u _ Weld weld 0.707 wLweld 0.6 FExx 1 0.5 sin 1.5
Strength
Weld governs
w = weld size
P u _ BM y (tbase Lweld 0.6 FY )
Base metal governs

Angle ( )
68402/61420
Slide # 80
Ex. 7.6 Design Strength of Welded

Connection
Determine the design strength of the tension member and connection

system shown below. The tension member is a 100 mm x 10 mm
thick rectangular bar. It is welded to a 15 mm thick gusset plate using
E70XX electrode. Consider the yielding and fracture of the tension
member. Consider the shear strength of the weld metal and the
t = 15 mm
surrounding base metal.
a = 6 mm
100 mm x 10 mm
125 mm
12 mm
12 mm
125 mm
68402/61420
Slide # 81

Connection
Step I. Check for the limitations on the weld geometry
tmin = 10 mm (member)
tmax = 15 mm (gusset)
Therefore, amin = 5 mm
- AISC Table J2.4
amax = 10 mm 2 mm = 8 mm
- AISC J2.2b page 16.1-95
Fillet weld size = a = 6 mm
- Therefore, OK!
Lw-min = 4 x 6 = 24 mm
38 mm - OK.
and
Lw-min for each length of the weld = 100 mm (transverse distance

between welds, see J2.2b)
Given length = 125 mm, which is > Lmin. Therefore, OK!
68402/61420
Slide # 82

Connection
68402/61420
Slide # 83

Connection
Length/weld size = 125/6 = 20.8 - Therefore, maximum effective

length J2.2 b satisfied.
End returns at the edge corner size - minimum = 2 a = 12 mm

-Therefore, OK!
Step II. Design strength of the weld
Weld strength = x 0.707 x a x 0.60 x FEXX x Lw

= 0.75 x 0.707 x 6 x 0.60 x 482 x 250/1000
= 230 kN
Step III. Tension strength of the member
Rn = 0.9 x 344 x 100 x 10/1000 = 310 kN

68402/61420
- tension yield
Slide # 84

Connection
Rn = 0.75 x Ae x 448
- tension fracture
Ae = U A
Ae = Ag = 100 x 10 = 1000 mm
Therefore, Rn = 336 kN
The design strength of the member-connection system = 230 kN.

Weld strength governs. The end returns at the corners were not
included in the calculations.
68402/61420
Slide # 85
Elastic Analysis of Eccentric Welded

Connections
It is assumed here that the rotation of the weld at failure occur around
the elastic centre (EC) of the weld. The only difference from bolts is we
are dealing with unit length of weld instead of a bolt
The shear stress in weld due to torsion

moment M is
Md
f2
AISC Manual Part 8
M is the moment, d is the distance from the centroid of the

weld to the weld point where we evaluate the stress, J is
the polar moment of inertia of the weld
68402/61420
Slide # 86

Connections
Shear & Torsion
stresses due to torsional moment M is
M
Fe
J Ix Iy
f2
- Or for teff = 1 mm
Md
J
f2x
- Calculation shall be done for teff
teff 0.707 w
&
M y
J
f2 y
68402/61420
M x
J
Slide # 87

Connections
Shear
&
Torsion
Forces due to direct applied force is
f1x
Fx
Aweld
f1 y
Fy
Aweld
Total stress in the weld is
fx
f1x f 2 x
fv
fy
&
f1 y f 2 y
f x f y Rn _ weld
2
68402/61420
Slide # 88

Connection Shear and Torsion
Determine the size of weld

required for the bracket connection
in the figure. The service dead
load is 50 kN, and the service live
load is 120 kN. A36 steel is used
for the bracket, and A992 steel is
used for the column.
250 mm
D = 50 kN
L = 120 kN
300
mm
15 mm PL
200
mm
Calculations are done

for teff = 25 mm
68402/61420
Slide # 89

Step I: Calculate the ultimate load:

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2(50)+1.6(120) = 252 kN
Step II: Calculate the direct shear stress:

f1 y
252 1000
360 N/mm
200 300 200
Step III: Compute the location of the centroid:

x (700) 200(100)(2) or x 57.1 mm
Step IV: Compute the torsional moment:

e = 250+ 200 57.1 = 392.9 M = Pe = 252(392.9)=99011 kN-mm.
68402/61420
Slide # 90

Step V: Compute the moments of inertia of the total weld

area:
Ix = 1(300)3 (1/12)+2(200)(150)2=11.25106 mm4
Iy = 2 {(200)3 (1/12)+(200)(100-57.1)2 }+ 300(57.1)2=3.05106 mm4
J = Ix + Iy = (11.25 + 3.05)106 = 14.3106 mm4
Step VI: Compute stresses at critical location:
f2 y
M y
99011(150) 1000
1039 N/mm
6
J
14.3 10
M x 99011(200 57.1) 1000
989 N/mm
6
J
14.3 10
f2x
fv
f 22x f1 y f 2 y (1039) 2 (989 360) 2 1703 N/mm

2
68402/61420
Slide # 91

Step VII: Check the shear strength of the base metal

The shear yield strength of the angle leg is:
Rn = (0.9)0.6Fyt = 0.9(0.6)(248)(15) = 2009 N/mm

The base metal shear strength is therefore:
2009 N/mm > 1703 N/mm (OK).
Step VIII: Calculate the weld size, assuming Fw = 0.6FEXX

a
Rn
1703
11.1 mm
(0.707) FW 0.75(0.707)(0.6 482)
Use 12 mm
Answer: Use a 12-mm fillet weld, E70 electrode.
68402/61420
Slide # 92

Connections Shear & Tension
68402/61420
Slide # 93

Connections
Shear & Tension
stresses due to torsion moment M is
F
fv
A
M Fe
ft
Mx c
Ix
- Calculation shall be done for teff

- Or for teff = 1 mm
teff 0.707 a
F = applied force
e = eccentricity of load
Ix = moment of inertia around x-axis
c = distance from neutral axis of weld to the farthest weld point

68402/61420
Slide # 94

Connection Shear & Tension
An L6x4x1/2 is used in a seated beam connection, as shown in the

figure. It must support a service load reaction of 25 kN dead load and a
50 kN live load. The angles are A36 and the columns in A992. E70XX
electrodes are to be used. What size fillet weld are required for the
connection to the column flange?
20
mm
152
mm
68402/61420
20 mm
82 mm
Slide # 95

Step I: calculate the eccentricity of the reaction with respect to

the weld is:
e = 20 + 82/2 = 61 mm
Step II: Calculate the moment of inertia for the weld

configuration:
I = 2(1)(152)3 / 12 = 585300 mm4 c = 152/2 = 76 mm
Step III: Calculate the factored-load reaction is:

Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2(25)+1.6(50) = 110 kN
Mu = Pue = 110(61) = 6710 kN-mm
68402/61420
Slide # 96

Step III: Calculate the factored-load reaction is:
M u c 6710(76) 1000
ft
871 N/mm
I
585300
Pu
110000
fv
362 N/mm
A 2(1)(152)
fr
f t 2 f v2 (871) 2 (362) 2 943 N/mm
Step IV: The required weld size a
a = 943/(0.9x0.707x0.6x482) = 6.2 mm
68402/61420
Slide # 97

The required size is therefore: a = 7 mm
Step V: Check minimum and maximum weld size
From AISC Table J2.4 Minimum weld size = 5 mm

From AISC Table J2.2b Maximum weld size = 13 - 2 = 11 mm
Try a = 7 mm
Step VI: Check the shear capacity of the base metal (the
angle controls):
Applied direct shear = fv = 362 N/mm

The shear yield strength of the angle leg is:
Rn = 0.90.6Fyt = (0.9)0.6(248)(13) = 1741 N/mm
The base metal shear strength is therefore:
1741 N/mm > 362 N/mm (OK).
68402/61420
Slide # 98
Ultimate Strength Analysis of

Welded
Eccentric
When comparing elastic
analysis to Connections
experimental on eccentric welded
connections, it becomes obvious that elastic analysis is over conservative.
Load
90o
rs
30o
IC
0o
Elastic analysis
Deformation
68402/61420
Slide # 99

Similar to bolts, weld can be divided into segments

which rotate about an instantaneous centre (IC)
Instead of summing the forces we can integrate over

the length of the weld to get the basic equations of
equilibrium:
R r dy R r dx
LV
LH
R Cos dy
LV
Thus
R Cos dx
LH
R Rm (1 e )
68402/61420
rs
IC
IC
Slide # 100

Welded
Connections
Eccentric
However, in weld: The
force in each segment
R is
also function of the angle between the force
direction and the weld.
R 0.6 FEXX (1 0.5 Sin1.5 )[ p(1.9 0.9 p )]0.3
rs
IC
s
p
m
Deformation of the segment

Deformation of the segment at max stress
m 0.209( 2) 0.32 w
- Similar to bolts, the far weld element might have a higher proportion of force.
68402/61420
Slide # 101

However, the critical weld is that of the smallest m/rs
m 0.209( 2) 0.32 w
Determine the segment that has
rs
IC
( m / rs ) min
The ultimate deformation u happens for the segment with smallest m/rs
u 1.087 ( 6) 0.65 w 0.17 w

68402/61420
Slide # 102

u
1.087( 6) 0.65 w 0.17 w
m 0.209 ( 2) 0.32 w
In all equations is in radian ranges from zero to /2
68402/61420
Slide # 103

Connections
Eccentric
Thus to estimate theWelded
force in the critical
segment we do the following steps:
1- Divide the weld into segments and assume an IC
0.209( 2) 0.32 w
3- Compute the ratio m/r and determine rcrit
rcrit
rs
2- Calculate the deformation of each element
at which
IC
m
is min
r
4- For this critical segment compute0the

.65 ultimate deformation u
u 1.087( 6)
w 0.17 w
5- Compute the deformation

of each other segment
68402/61420
r
u
rcrit
Slide # 104

Eccentric
Steps continued: Welded Connections
6- Compute the stress in each segment
R 0.6 FEXX (1 0.5Sin )[ p(1.9 0.9 p )]

1.5
0.3
s
p
m
rs
IC
7- Check equilibrium equations
F
M
zero
IC
zero
zero
R
i 1
xi
R
i 1
yi
R
i 1
ni
Fx
Eqn (1)
Fy
Eqn (2)
.rni F ( r0 e)
Eqn (3)
68402/61420
Slide # 105
Extra Slides
68402/61420
Slide # 106
Slip-critical Bolted
Connections
High strength (A325 and A490) bolts can be installed with

such a degree of tightness that they are subject to large
tensile forces.
These large tensile forces in the bolt clamp the connected
plates together. The shear force applied to such a
tightened connection will be resisted by friction as shown in
the Figure below.
P
P
Tightened
68402/61420
Slide # 107
Connections
N =Tb
N =Tb
P
N =Tb
F=N
Tb
F=N
N =Tb
Tb
P
N = Tb
68402/61420
Slide # 108
N = Tb
Connections
Thus, slip-critical bolted connections can be designed to

resist the applied shear forces using friction. If the applied
shear force is less than the friction that develops between
the two surfaces, then no slip will occur between them.
However, slip will occur when the friction force is less

than the applied shear force. After slip occurs, the
connection will behave similar to the bearing-type bolted
connections designed earlier.
Table J3.1 summarizes the minimum bolt tension that

must be applied to develop a slip-critical connection.
68402/61420
Slide # 109
Slip-Critical Connections
Loads to be transferred Frictional
Resistance (tension force in bolt x coefficient
of friction ) No slippage between members
No bearing and shear stresses in bolt
LRFD J3.10 requires bearing strength to be checked for both
Bearing-Type connections and Slip-Critical connections (even
though there is supposed to be little or no bearing stresses on the
bolts in Slip-Critical connections)
68402/61420
Slide # 110
Connections
The shear resistance of fully tensioned bolts to slip at

factored loads & service loads is given by AISC
Specification J3.8
Shear resistance at factored load = Rn = (1.13 hscTb Ns)
- 0.85 for factored loads & 1.00 for service loads
- friction coefficient
Tb - minimum bolt tension given in Table J3.1
hsc hole factor determined as:
For standrad size holes
hsc = 1.0
For oversized and short-slotted holes
hsc = 0.85
For long-slotted holes
hsc = 0.7
Ns - number of slip planes

68402/61420
Slide # 111
Slip-Critical Connections
Slip Coefficients (LRFD J3.8)
Surface
Class A (unpainted clean mill scale or

surfaces with class A coating on blastcleaned steel)
0.35
Class B (unpainted blast-cleaned surfaces or

surfaces with Class B coating on blastcleaned steel
68402/61420
0.50
Slide # 112
Connections
When the applied shear force exceeds the Rn value stated above,
slip will occur in the connection.
The final strength of the connection will depend on the

shear strength of the bolts and on the bearing strength of
the bolts. This is the same strength as that of a bearing
type connection.
Slip critical connections shall still be checked as bearing

type in case slip occurs as a result of overload.
68402/61420
Slide # 113
Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections
Design a slip-critical splice for a tension member

subjected to 600 kN of tension loading. The tension
member is a W8 x 28 section made from A36 material.
The unfactored dead load is equal to 100 kN and the
unfactored live load is equal to 300 kN. Use A325 bolts.
The splice should be slip-critical at service loads.
68402/61420
Slide # 114
Step I. Service and factored loads
Service Load = D + L = 400 kN.

Factored design load = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 600 kN
Tension member is W8 x 28 section made from A36 steel. The
tension splice must be slip critical (i.e., it must not slip) at service
loads.
Step II. Slip-critical splice connection (service load)
of one fully-tensioned slip-critical bolt = (1.13 hscTb Ns)
(See Spec. J3.8)
68402/61420
Slide # 115
Assume d
= 20 mm.
R of one bolt = 1.0 x 1.13 x 0.35 x 1.0x142x1 = 56.2 kN

Note, T = 142 kN from Table J3.1M
R of n bolts = 56.2 x n > 400 kN (splice must be slip-critical at
n
service)
Therefore, n > 7.12
68402/61420
Slide # 116
Step III. Layout of splice connection
Flange-plate splice connection
Splice plate
W8 x 28
W8 x 28
Splice plate
C.L.
68402/61420
Slide # 117
To be symmetric about the centerline, need the number of bolts to

be a multiple of 8.
Therefore, choose 16 fully tensioned 20 mm A325 bolts with layout

as shown above.
Minimum edge distance (Le) = 34 mm from Table J3.4M
Minimum spacing = s = (2+2/3) db = 2.67 x 20 = 53.4 mm.

(Spec. J3.3)
Design edge distance Le = 40 mm.
Preferred spacing = s = 3.0 db = 3.0 x 20 = 60 mm (Spec. J3.3)

Design s = 60 mm.
Assume 10 mm thick splice plate

68402/61420
Slide # 118
Step IV. Connection strength at factored loads
The splice connection should be designed as a normal

shear/bearing connection beyond this point for the factored load of
600 kN.
Shear strength of a bolt = 77.8 kN (see Example 7.1)
Bearing strength of 20 mm bolts at non-edge holes (s = 60 mm) =

138.2 kN (see Example 7.1)
Bearing strength of bolt holes in flanges of wide flange section
The shear strength of bolts = 77.8 kN/bolt x 8 = 622.4 kN

Bearing strength of 20 mm bolts at edge holes (Le = 30 mm) = 69.1
kN (see Example 7.1)
= 4 x 69.1 + 4 x 138.2 = 829.2 kN > 600 kN

68402/61420
OK
Slide # 119
Step V. Design the splice plate
Tension yielding: 0.9 Ag Fy > 300 kN; Therefore, Ag > 1344 mm2
Tension fracture: 0.75 An Fu > 300 kN
Therefore, An =Ag - 2 x (20 +3.2) x 10 > 1000 mm2
Beam flange width = 166 mm
Assume plate width 160 mm x 10 mm which has Ag = 1660 mm2
Step VI. Check member strength
Student on his/her own.
68402/61420
Slide # 120

F
Experimental study by Crawford and Kulak (1971) showed:
- The load-deformation relationship

of any bolt is non-linear
AISC Manual Part 7

68402/61420
Slide # 121

F
The following conclusions were also shown:
Failure rotation does not happen around the elastic center but
around an instantaneous centre (IC)
The IC does not coincide with the EC
The deformation of each bolt is proportional to its distance from

the IC
Similar to the elastic analysis, the connection capacity is

governed by the force in the farthest bolt
ri
M
EC
IC
e
68402/61420
e
Slide # 122

Fe
ri
EC
Measured at the elastic centroid
rb
max
rmax
IC
Experimentally 8.6 mm
At failure
F
F
M
zero
IC
zero
zero
R
i 1
xi
R
i 1
yi
Fx
Eqn (1)
Fy
Eqn (2)
Rni .rni F ( e e )
Eqn (3)
i 1
68402/61420
Slide # 123

ri
EC
IC
e
Therefore, getting the maximum force in the farthest bolt requires

determining the unknown e
Because of the non-linear relationship, e can be determined by trial

and error
A spreadsheet can be used to determine e

68402/61420
Slide # 124

Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous Center of
Rotation Method)
d1
R1
d2
R3
d3
R = Nominal shear strength of 1 bolt at a deformation , k

Rult= Ultimate shear strength of 1 bolt, kN
R2
CG
IC
d4
Pu
R = Rult(1 e-0.394)0.55
R4
= Total deformation, including shear, bearing and

bending deformation in the bolt and bearing
deformation of the connected elements, in. (max = 8.6
mm for 20 mm ASTM A325 bolt)
1/d1 = 2/d2 = = max/dmax

e = 2.718base of the natural logarithm
68402/61420
Slide # 125
Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous

Center of Rotation Method)
Trial and error:
Assume e
Compute i = dimax/dmax (max is assumed for bolt at farthest
distance from IC)
r
Compute Ri=Rult(1- e
-0.394i 0.55
Check for: Pu=( Rd)/(e+e)

If not satisfied, repeat with another e
68402/61420
rmax
max
Rb Rult (1 e b )
Slide # 126

Ultimate Method
Determine the largest eccentric force Pu for which the design
shear strength of the bolts in the connection is adequate using
the IC method. Use bearing-type 20 mm A325X bolts
e = 100
mm
e=60 mm
Pu
- Design shear strength per bolt (Ex. 7-1)

Ru = Rn= 77.8 kN
d1
R1
d2
R2
CG
IC
d4
d3
R3
75 -After several trials, assume e= 60 mm.

mm Bolts 2 and 4 are furthest from the IC,
therefore = =
= 8.6 mm
2
4
max
75
mm - Compute and R in tabulated form:
i
i
R4
75 mm
68402/61420
Slide # 127

Ultimate Method
Bolt
#
h
v
(mm) (mm)
d (mm)
(mm)
R (kN)
Ry (kN)
Rd
(kN.mm)
22.5
75
78.3
5.47
72.7
20.9
5692
97.5
75
123
8.6
77.8
61.67
7585
22.5
75
78.3
5.47
72.7
20.9
5692
97.5
75
123
8.6
77.8
61.67
7585
=
165.14
= 26554
Check:
Pu= (Rd)/(e+e) = (26554/(60+100))
= 166 kN ~ Ry = 165.14 kN (OK)
68402/61420
Slide # 128

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68402: Structural Design of

High Strength Bolts

Simple Bolted Connections

There are different types of bolted connections.

Tension member connection and splice. It subjects the

Beam end simple connection. It subjects the bolts to forces

Hanger connection. The hanger connection puts the bolts

Simple Bolted Connections

Simple Bolted Connections

Simple Bolted Connections

In most bolted connection, the bolts are subjected to shear.

Simple connection: If the line of action of the force acting on

The strength of the simple connection will be equal to the

Bolt Types & Materials

ASTM A307 bolts

High Strength Bolts

High strength bolts (HSB) are available

Courtesy of Kao Wang Screw Co., Ltd.

Advantages of HSB over A307 bolts

Fewer bolts will be used compared to 307 cheaper connection!

Smaller workman force required compared to 307

Higher fatigue strength

Ease of bolt removal changing connection

High Strength Bolts

All plies of the connection are in firm contact to

Bolts are first brought to snug tight status

HSB Bearing Type Connections

The shear strength of bolts shall be determined as follows

AISC Table J3.2

If the level of threads is not known, it is conservative to

Bolted Shear Connections

We want to design the bolted shear connections so that

So, we need to examine the various possible failure

Possible failure modes are:

Shear failure of the bolts

Failure Modes of Bolted

Bearing and double plane Shear

Bolted Shear Connections

Possible failure modes

Failure of bolts: single or double shear

PDouble Shear 2 f v Abolt

Failure of connected elements:

Bearing failure at bolt location

Bolted Shear Connections

Shear failure of bolts

Average shearing stress in the bolt = fv = P/A = P/(db2/4)

Bolts can be in single shear or double shear as shown above.

P is the load acting on an individual bolt

where fv = shear yield

When the bolt is in double shear, two cross-sections are effective

Bolted Shear Connections

Bolted Shear Connections

Failure of connected member

We have covered this in detail in this course on tension members

Bearing failure of connected/connecting part due to

Contact between the fastener and the connected part over

Bolted Shear Connections

Average bearing stress fp = P/(db t), where P is the force applied to

The bearing stress state can be complicated by the presence of

Bearing stress effects are independent of the bolt type because

A possible failure mode resulting from excessive bearing close to

Bolted Shear Connections

The bearing strength is independent of the bolt material as it is failure in