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Raman Spectroscopy
Introduction
Sometimes called as Raman effect.
Discovered in 1928 by Sir. C.V.
Raman.
Was awarded the Nobel prize in physics
in 1930.
Was and remains the shortest time from
discovery to awarding of the prize.
Features
Powerful analytical tool for the
quantitative analysis of complex
mixtures,
for
locating
various
functional groups or chemical bonds
in molecular structure.
The fields of application are quite
diverse and include polymers, paints,
semiconductors, corrosion, medicine,
biology, ceramics, catalysis, and
photochemistry, etc..
Rayleigh Scattering
When a sample is irradiated with
monochromatic light in the visible
region, majority of the light simply
passes through the sample in the
direction of incident beam.
Small portion is scattered by the
sample in all direction, which can be
observed by viewing the sample at
right angles to the incident beam.
Shown by Lord Rayleigh in 1871.
Rayleigh Scattering
Raman Effect
About 1% of the total scattered
intensity occurs at frequencies that
are different from the incident
frequency.
Called Raman Scattering.
Is inelastic.
Light photon lose or gain energy during
the scattering processes, and therefore
increase or decrease in wavelength
respectively.
Energy
Rayleigh
Scattering
(elastic)
Virtual State
IR
Absorption
Anti-Stokes
Scattering
Stokes
Scattering
h0
h0
h0
h0
h0+hm
h0hm
E0+hm
E0
Raman Scattering
Raman
(inelastic)
E-hvm
IfIf the
from a
the molecule
moleculeisispromoted
in a vibrational
ground
to begin
virtual with,
state, and
and after
then
state to
drops
backis down
to a (higher
scattering
in its ground
state,
energy)
vibrational
state
than has
the
then the
scattered
photon
scattered photon has less energy
more energy.
than the incident photon.
Shorter wavelength.
Longer
wavelength.
Antistokes
scattering.
Stokes
scattering.
fre
q
Theory of Raman
Spectroscopy
Theory of Raman
Spectroscopy
Theory of Raman
Spectroscopy
Antistock
Rayleigh
Stock Scattering
Scattering
Frequency is
No
Frequency
frequency
is
decreased
increased
change
Raman Spectrometer
Raman intensities
incident radiation.
are
approximately
0.01%
of
the
Raman Spectrometer
Laser as an excitation
source.
Sample
compartment
and associated optics.
Spectrometer/
monochromator.
Detector system.
Raman Spectrometer:
Source
Is laser, due to their highly monochromatic nature, and high
beam fluxes.
Helium-Neon laser, which emits 632.8nm, is a commonly
used excitation in the modern Raman spectrometer.
In red region of the spectrum, there is a loss of intensity.
Can be overcome by using laser with power output in the range of 5-30mW.
Raman Spectrometer:
Source
Argon-ion (visible) laser is the most
commonly used source in Raman
spectroscopy.
Tunable dye laser is increasingly
used in visible and UV laser.
The type of laser required depends
upon the sample, and the Raman
technique to be used.
Specified Raman methods may
sometimes involves the simultaneous
Raman Spectrometer:
The Detector
BAND INTENSITIES
METHANE
Raman intensities may be
quite different than those
of the IR spectrum, often
the opposite to those of IR.
Some IR bands may be
missing from the Raman,
and vice versa.
1480cm-1
2565cm-1
3656cm-1
3755cm-1
With IR spectroscopy
COMPARISON
Raman
Physical effect
Absorption
Scattering
Changing
of
the Changing
of
the
dipole (strong ionic
polarizability (strong
bond like O-H, N-H).
covalent bondings like
C=C, C-S, S-S)
Sample preperation
Optimal
thickness No
contact,
no
(transition mode) or
destruction,
simple
sample contact mode
preperation (if only)
Water as solvent or
(ATR) necessary
glass as container do
not
disturb
the
measurement
Problem
fluorescence
Materials
Mainly
compound
Chemical imaging
Mapping
and
global
Thank You!