Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HYDROCRACKING TECHNOLOGY
PREPARED BY:
PATEL VISMAYKUMAR RAJESHBHAI
GUIDE:
DR. RANJAN SENGUPTA
INTRODUCTION :
DAVID S. J.STAN JONES , PETER R. PUJADO , Handbook of Petroleum Processing, Springer.Netherlands.2006 ; 287-288.
HYDROCRACKING :
Catalytic cracking is the breaking of a carboncarbon single bond, and hydrogenation is the addition of
hydrogen to a carboncarbon double bond.
Glenn E. Handwerk , James H. Gary. Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics , Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. 2001, 139-140
CHEMISTRY :
DAVID S. J.STAN JONES , PETER R. PUJADO , Handbook of Petroleum Processing, Springer.Netherlands.2006 ; 292-295.
Mary P. McGuiness, Terry E. Helton, Thomas F. Degnan Jr., et al. (1998,july), Catalytic hydro processing a good alternative to solvent processing- retrieved from
http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-96/issue-29/in-this-issue/refining/catalytic-hydroprocessing-a-good-alternative-to-solvent-processing.html
CATALYST :
Bi-functional Catalyst
Metal function (for Hydrogenation) :
Platinum , Palladium
Sulfide metals of Nickel , Molybdenum , Tungsten as Base Metal
Key requirement : Must activate hydrogen and catalyze dehydrogenation and hydrogenation reactions.
Acidic function (for cracking) :
Amorphous silicaalumina, zeolites
DAVID S. J.STAN JONES , PETER R. PUJADO , Handbook of Petroleum Processing, Springer.Netherlands.2006 ;298.
FLOW SCHEMES :
DAVID S. J.STAN JONES , PETER R. PUJADO , Handbook of Petroleum Processing, Springer.Netherlands.2006 ;288-290
PROCESS :
Isocracking :
Same process as hydrocracking but at a lower temperature and pressure.
High ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffin in its light products
A high percentage of isoparaffins increases light naphtha product octane numbers.
Isocracking removes heavy aromatic compounds and creates isoparaffins to produce middle distillates with
outstanding burning and cold flow properties
Kerosene with low freeze points and high smoke points
Diesel fuels with low pour points and high cetane numbers
Light naphthas with a high isoparaffin content
Unicracking
Carried out at moderate temperatures(280-475C) and pressures(35-219 kg/cm 2)
UOP continues to develop catalysts that provide enhanced performance without sacrificing yield or activity.
Improve Cetane and improve diesel cold flow properties by the simple expedient of a catalyst change-out in
the same reactor
PROCESS VARIABLES :
Reactor Temperature
Reactor Pressure
Space Velocity
Nitrogen Content
Hydrogen sulfide
Recycle Gas rate
Hydrogen Purity
Glenn E. Handwerk , James H. Gary. Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics , Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. 2001, 146-148.
HYDROCRACKING REACTOR :
DAVID S. J.STAN JONES , PETER R. PUJADO , Handbook of Petroleum Processing, Springer.Netherlands.2006 ;308-309
Exothermic process
To avoid overheating and to provide a safe and stable operation quenching zones.
(a) To cool the partially reacted fluids
(b) To assure a uniform temperature distribution
(c) To mix efficiently
Unbalanced temperatures in a catalyst bed => Different reaction rates in the same bed
Different deactivation rates of the catalyst => Temperature excursions
During operation, the hydrocracking catalyst gradually loses some of its activity.
To maintain the conversion of feedstock to products constant, the average bed temperature is gradually
increased. (1C/month)
Average bed temperature = Design maximum, the catalyst has to be replaced or reactivated.
DAVID S. J.STAN JONES , PETER R. PUJADO , Handbook of Petroleum Processing, Springer.Netherlands.2006 ;310
Glenn E. Handwerk , James H. Gary. Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics , Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. 2001, 137-138.