Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction
There are mainly two reasons for why we need to produce
hydrocarbon from sustainable sources.
1) Main two energy is need for humankind to survive in
this world.
Electrical energy
Petroleum Energy
2) Increase in carbon dioxide concentration
Carbon dioxide gas, a greenhouse gas has remained a
contributor to global climate change. Recent reports from
some researchers has shown a drastic increase in the
concentration of atmospheric CO2 from approximately 275
to 387 ppm with an annual average increment of 3 ppm in
the last century which has resulted in temperature rise.
Nwogu, N., Kajama, M., Dedekuma , K. & Gobina, E., 2014. An Experimental Analysis of a Nano Structured Inorganic Ceramic Membrane for Carbon Capture Applications in
Energy Security challenges. Energy and Environment Research, pp. 1-2.
Process overview
Conversion reactor
Distillation of syncrude
Sunfire, 2013. sunfire Fuel 3D-Animation, Power-to-Liquids. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D055qqVNc1E
[Accessed 15 July 2015].
Process diagram
Zhai , H. & Rubin, E., 2013. Techno-Economic Assessment of Polymer Membrane Systems for Postcombustion Carbon Capture at Coal-Fired Power Plants. Environmental Science &
Technology, p. 30063014.
Electrolysis of water
H2O + 2e- H2 (g) + O2- (cathode)
O2 1/2 O2 (g) + 2e- (anode)
Pressure:20 bar,
Temperature: 800OC,
Efficiency: 90%
This reaction is endothermic, requiring an
input of energy.
CO shift converter
In the presence of a suitable catalyst, the reaction takes place according to this equation:
3H2 + CO2
2H2 + CO + H2O (delta H = +9 kcal/mole)
Pressure: 20 bar,
Temperature: 950OC,
energy input via electrical energy
Johnson Matthey plc group, 2013. Water Electrolysis & Renewable Energy Systems. [Online] Available at: fuelcelltoday.com
marspedia, 2007. Reverse Water Gas Shift Reaction. [Online] Available at: http://www.marspedia.org/index.php?title=Reverse_Water-Gas_Shift_Reaction
nCO + (2n+1)H2
Operating temperature:
CnH2n + nH2O
Jung Lee , H., Hwan Choi , J., Garforth, A. & Hwang, S., 2015. Conceptual Design of a FischerTropsch Reactor in a Gas-to-Liquid process. Industrial & Engineering chemistry
Research, p. 67496760.
HTFT syncrude
Crude oil
Paraffins
>10%
Major product
Naphthenes
<1%
Major product
Olefins
Major product
None
Aromatics
5-10%
Major product
Oxygenates
5-15%
<1% (heavies)
Sulfur
None
0.1-5%
Nitrogen
None
<1%
Organomatallics
Carboxylates
Porphyrines
water
Major byproduct
0-2%
Dry, M., 2001. High quality diesel via the FischerTropsch process a review. Journal of chemical technology & Biotechnology, pp. 43-50.
Leckel, D., 2009. Hydroprocessing Euro 4-Type Diesel from High-Temperature Fischer-Tropsch Vacuum Gas Oils. energy&fuels, pp. 38-45.
Cost
Electricity (wholesale)
$36 /MWhr
$1.25 /gge
Gasoline (excluding
dist. mrktng. & taxes)
Natural gas
(wholesale)
Coal (2005)
Solar
$3 /gal
(~$3.80 /gal retail)
$1 /therm
$3 /gal
$1.30 /gge
$0.20 /gge
$4.25 /gge
Operations
Electrolyser
CO2 capture
Hydrogenation &
fuel Production
30 hectares
5 hectares
25 hectares
$0.03 /gal
$0.6 /gal
$0.6 /gal
$1 /gal
$0.5 /gal
$1.60 /gal
Total
60 hectares
$0.7
$3.10
Google Tech talks, 2008. Carbon neutral synthetic hydrocarbon fuels. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KGjxsgCMig
[Accessed 15 July 2015].
Advantages
This Technology allows us to production of high quality diesel fuel having cetane
numbers up to 75.
The aromatics, Sulfur and Nitrogen contents are zero and the exhaust emissions are
significantly lower than for standard diesel fuels.
Challenges
Electrolysis units with improved efficiency, reliability, maintenance cost and capital
cost
Government polices will not favor such programs (who gets the carbon capture credit
if the carbon is eventually emitted?)
Dry, M., 2001. High quality diesel via the FischerTropsch process a review. Journal of chemical technology & Biotechnology, pp. 43-50.
THANK YOU