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Hydrocarbon From Sustainable Sources

Guided by: Mr. Himanshu Kohli


Prepared by: Pratik. R. Patel

Introduction
There are mainly two reasons for why we need to produce
hydrocarbon from sustainable sources.
1) Main two energy is need for humankind to survive in
this world.
Electrical energy
Petroleum Energy
2) Increase in carbon dioxide concentration
Carbon dioxide gas, a greenhouse gas has remained a
contributor to global climate change. Recent reports from
some researchers has shown a drastic increase in the
concentration of atmospheric CO2 from approximately 275
to 387 ppm with an annual average increment of 3 ppm in
the last century which has resulted in temperature rise.

Nwogu, N., Kajama, M., Dedekuma , K. & Gobina, E., 2014. An Experimental Analysis of a Nano Structured Inorganic Ceramic Membrane for Carbon Capture Applications in
Energy Security challenges. Energy and Environment Research, pp. 1-2.

Process overview

Capture carbon dioxide from air

Electrolysis of water what are other


sources of H2

Conversion reactor

Fischer tropsch reactor

Distillation of syncrude

Using renewable energy, carbon


dioxide and water can be recycled
into liquid hydrocarbon fuels which
remove
oxygen
from
H 2O
&
Capturing
of
CO2
from
the
atmosphere would enable a closed
loop Carbon neutral fuel cycle.

Sunfire, 2013. sunfire Fuel 3D-Animation, Power-to-Liquids. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D055qqVNc1E
[Accessed 15 July 2015].

Process diagram

BiLFinger Technologies, 2010. POWER TO LIQUIDS, cloppenberg, Germany: BiLFinger Technologies.

Capture CO2 from air

The separation of a CO2 gas from a multicomponent combustion or


industrial gas stream can be achieved using membrane separation process.

Membranes can be made of different materials such as polymers (glassy or


rubbery), metals, ceramics, or some combination of these.

Two-stage, Two-step Membrane Systems with CO2 Recycling.

Zhai , H. & Rubin, E., 2013. Techno-Economic Assessment of Polymer Membrane Systems for Postcombustion Carbon Capture at Coal-Fired Power Plants. Environmental Science &
Technology, p. 30063014.

Electrolysis of water
H2O + 2e- H2 (g) + O2- (cathode)
O2 1/2 O2 (g) + 2e- (anode)
Pressure:20 bar,
Temperature: 800OC,
Efficiency: 90%
This reaction is endothermic, requiring an
input of energy.

CO shift converter
In the presence of a suitable catalyst, the reaction takes place according to this equation:
3H2 + CO2
2H2 + CO + H2O (delta H = +9 kcal/mole)
Pressure: 20 bar,
Temperature: 950OC,
energy input via electrical energy
Johnson Matthey plc group, 2013. Water Electrolysis & Renewable Energy Systems. [Online] Available at: fuelcelltoday.com
marspedia, 2007. Reverse Water Gas Shift Reaction. [Online] Available at: http://www.marspedia.org/index.php?title=Reverse_Water-Gas_Shift_Reaction

Fischer tropsch Reactor

FischerTropsch synthesis (FTS) is a surface-catalyzed polymerization


process which converts synthesis gas (CO + H2) into syncrude, a
mixture of primarily n-hydrocarbons with a broad range of chain length.

nCO + (2n+1)H2

Operating temperature:

CnH2n + nH2O

HT-FT: High-temperature Fischer- Tropsch (around 350C and above)


LT-FT: Low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch (220240C)

Pressure ranges from 20 to 50 bar. Increasing pressure increase the


%CO conversion (44 to 56%).

Low temperature is preferable for the increased production of heavy


olefins, whereas high temperature is preferable for the increased
production of light olefins.

Jung Lee , H., Hwan Choi , J., Garforth, A. & Hwang, S., 2015. Conceptual Design of a FischerTropsch Reactor in a Gas-to-Liquid process. Industrial & Engineering chemistry
Research, p. 67496760.

Comparison of HTFT Syncrude and Crude Oil Composition


Component

HTFT syncrude

Crude oil

Paraffins

>10%

Major product

Naphthenes

<1%

Major product

Olefins

Major product

None

Aromatics

5-10%

Major product

Oxygenates

5-15%

<1% (heavies)

Sulfur

None

0.1-5%

Nitrogen

None

<1%

Organomatallics

Carboxylates

Porphyrines

water

Major byproduct

0-2%

Dry, M., 2001. High quality diesel via the FischerTropsch process a review. Journal of chemical technology & Biotechnology, pp. 43-50.

FT product spectra (at 2MPa)


Residual gases are fed back to Fischer tropsch & conversion. This increase in rate of carbon
utilization to min 95%.

Leckel, D., 2009. Hydroprocessing Euro 4-Type Diesel from High-Temperature Fischer-Tropsch Vacuum Gas Oils. energy&fuels, pp. 38-45.

Cost

Electricity (wholesale)

$36 /MWhr

$1.25 /gge

Gasoline (excluding
dist. mrktng. & taxes)
Natural gas
(wholesale)
Coal (2005)
Solar

$3 /gal
(~$3.80 /gal retail)
$1 /therm

$3 /gal
$1.30 /gge

$31 /short ton


$6 /W (installed)

$0.20 /gge
$4.25 /gge

Median Sized Refinery


30,000 tons CO2/day ~3M gallons gasoline /day
Unit
Size
Capital

Operations

Electrolyser
CO2 capture
Hydrogenation &
fuel Production

30 hectares
5 hectares
25 hectares

$0.03 /gal
$0.6 /gal
$0.6 /gal

$1 /gal
$0.5 /gal
$1.60 /gal

Total

60 hectares

$0.7

$3.10

~$3.80 /gal + profit & overhead

$4.60 /gal gasoline to be competitive

Google Tech talks, 2008. Carbon neutral synthetic hydrocarbon fuels. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KGjxsgCMig
[Accessed 15 July 2015].

Advantages

This technology is alternative promising route for produce hydrocarbons from


Sustainable sources as from water & air.

This Technology allows us to production of high quality diesel fuel having cetane
numbers up to 75.

The aromatics, Sulfur and Nitrogen contents are zero and the exhaust emissions are
significantly lower than for standard diesel fuels.

Recycling of vast amounts of CO2 (alternative to CCS).

Challenges

Sufficient carbon free electricity at a competitive cost

Electrolysis units with improved efficiency, reliability, maintenance cost and capital
cost

Government policy-incentives for carbon neutral fuels

Government polices will not favor such programs (who gets the carbon capture credit
if the carbon is eventually emitted?)

Where to get the CO2?

Dry, M., 2001. High quality diesel via the FischerTropsch process a review. Journal of chemical technology & Biotechnology, pp. 43-50.

THANK YOU

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