Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Blindness
Original OR Group
Refractive Errors
Bararodin, Monique
Cagigas, Nessa
Soto, Denise
Myopia
Presbyopia
Hyperopi
a
Astigmatism
Causes:
Myopia: inherited; discovered in
childhood and progresses; causes light
rays to focus at a point in front of the
retina, rather than directly in its surface.
Hyperopia:
distance between
the cornea and retina is not great enough.
Causes: (cont.)
Presbyopia: eye loses its
focusing ability and becomes difficult to read
at those range after the age of 40.
Astigmatism:
cornea has an
assymetric curvature and the surface of the
cornea is curved more in one direction than
the other.
Risk Factors:
Myopia & Hyperopia:
- stress is the eye strain from doing
detailed work
Astigmatism:
-usually inherited
-can be associated with diseases such as
keratoconus
Hyperopia
blurred vision
eye strain
difficulty concentrating
or focusing on nearby
objects
fatigue or headache
after performing close
tasks such as reading
Astigmatism
Eyestrain, fatigue, or
distortion or blurring of
headache from doing
images at all distances
close works
headaches and fatigue
difficulty reading small
squinting and eye
print
discomfort or irritation
need for brighter
lighting when reading
need to hold material at
an arm's distance
squinting
Medical Managment:
Lenses
hyperopia, myopia and presbyopia.
Convex lenses are prescribed for patients
with hyperopia.
Corrective lenses for astigmatism and
presbyopia
Glasses
Medical Managment:
(cont.)
Orthokeratology
one wears special rigid gas permeable (rgp)
contact lenses at night that reshape your
cornea while you sleep.
cornea temporarily retains the new shape so
one can clearly see during the day without
glasses or lenses.
Surgical Managment:
Photorefractive Keratectomy
refractive surgery to correct myopia,
hyperopia, and astigmatism
Surgical Managment:
(cont.)
Phakic Intraocular lenses
for myopia
are alternative to PRK and LASIK
Low Vision
and Blindness
Ebajay, Coleen
Liboon, John Michael
Ubay-ubay, Charmaine
Blindness
Visual Impairment
vision impairment or
complete or nearly
vision loss
complete vision
decreased ability to see
loss
to a degree that causes
problems not fixable
by usual means
a best corrected visual
acuity of worse than
either 20/40 or 20/60
Classifications:
20/30 to 20/60: mild vision loss, or
near-normal vision
20/70 to 20/160: moderate visual
impairment, or moderate low vision
20/200 to 20/400: severe visual
impairment, or severe low vision
Classifications:
(cont.)
Causes:
Glaucoma
Cataract
Macular
Degeneration
Childhood Diabetic
Blindness retinopathy
Risk Factors:
People age over 50
Children age below 15
Lifestyle (Alcoholic, Smoker, Diabetic)
Exposed to teratogenic agents during
pregnancy
Bacterial and Viral Infection (Neisseria
gonorrhea)
Ocular trauma
Malignancies of the eye
Nutritional deficiency (Vit. A def.)
Vascular disease (stroke, ocular inflammation)
Hazy, blurred
Double vision
Seeing rainbows
Swollen, Red
or halos
around lights
Eyes
Refraction
Visual Field
Contrast Sensitivity
Glare Testing
Environmental
Modifications
Techniques
Adaptive nonOptical
devices
Glaucoma
Almonte, Cleo
Regis, Pamela
Classifications:
Open Angle
Angle Closure
Obstruction in the aqueous
humor outflow due to the
complete or partial closure
of the angle from the
forward shift of the
peripheral iris to the
trabecular.
3 types:
ACUTE ANGLE CLOSURE
GLAUCOMA (AACG)
SUBACUTE ANGLE CLOSURE
GLAUCOMA
CHRONIC ANGLE CLOSURE
GLAUCOMA
Hazy, blurred
Double vision
Loss of
peripheral
vision
Seeing rainbows
or halos
around lights
Tonometry
Opthalmoscopy
Prostaglandins.
Beta blockers.
Alpha-adrenergic agonists.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Miotic or cholinergic agents.
Oral Medications
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Surgical Managment:
Laser Therapy
Laser trabeculoplasty
an option for people with open-angle glaucoma.
Filtering Surgery
Draining Tubes
Electrocautery
Cataract
Apa-ap, CK
Luton, Quennie
Silvano, Yobrem
Types:
posterior subcapsular
cataract
occur in front of the posterior capsule
at risk: People with diabetes or those taking high
doses of steroid medications
nuclear cataract
forms deep in the central zone (nucleus) of the
lens
tends to have a substantial genetic component that
causes a central opacity in the lens
Types: (cont.)
cortical cataract
involves the anterior, posterior, or equatorial cortex
of the lens.
Vision is worse in a very bright light.
Causes:
Age-related cataracts can affect your
vision in twoways:
Clumps of protein reduce the sharpness of the
image reaching the retina.
The clear lens slowly changes to a
yellowish/brownish color, adding a brownish tint to
vision.
Causes: (cont.)
Congenital
cataract
Radiation
cataract
Secondary Traumatic
cataract
cataract
Risk Factors:
Aging
Associated Ocular Conditions
Toxic factors
Nutritional factors
Physical factors
Systemic diseases and
syndromes
Multiple or
Double vision
Color Seems
Faded
Poor night
vision
halos
around lights
Diagnostic Testing
Degree of visual acuity is directly
proportional to density of the cataract
Snellen visual acuity test
Ophthalmoscopy
Slitlamp biomicroscopic examination
Medical Management:
No nonsurgical (medications, eye
drops, eyeglasses) treatment cures
cataracts or prevents age-related
cataracts.
Surgical Management:
Phacoemulsification
- Also called small incision
cataract surgery.
Extracapsular Surgery
- a longer incision on the side of the
cornea and removes the cloudy core of
the lens in one piece