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ELECTRO FACIES

FACIES & ELECTROFACIES

Facies:
The characteristics of a rock mass that
reflect its depositional environment. These
characteristics enable the rock mass to be
distinguished from rocks deposited in
adjacent environments.
sedimentary facies, physical, chemical, and
biological aspects of a sedimentary bed and
the lateral change within sequences of beds
of the same geologic age.

Serra, 1986 : An Electrofacies is a set of log responses which

characterizes a rock type and permits it to be distinguished
from the others

Depositional
Environment
The sediment source,
physical processes and
environment of deposition
affect the development of
sedimentary rocks. The
depositional environment
can be :
Shallow or deep water.
Marine (sea) and lake or
continental.
This environment
determines many of the
reservoir characteristics

In a complete Bouma sequence, five divisions can be considered: A) massive or graded, B) Sandy parallel laminations,
C) Rippled and /or convoluted, D) Delicate parallel interlaminations of silt and mud and E) Mud introduced by the
turbidity current and hemipelagic background mud of the basin. As illustrated in the lower part of the figure, the
organization of a turbidite sequence changes with its position in the fan and so with the velocity of the current. Up-dip,
facies A are those of debris flows; facies B, quite rich in sand like those of traction currents; facies C is the classic
turbidite with a complete Bouma sequence (a-b-c-d-e); facies D, rich in thin beds, quite developed bottom-truncated
Bouma sequence (b-c-d-e, c-d-e or d-e). In the fringes (lower fans), the sediments are thin. They are often reworked by
sea floor current, which following continent contours are called contour currents. The reworked sediments exhibit
current ripples and forms, and are called contourites by geologists

A complete Bouma sequence, as illustrated in fig. 26, begins with a graded division A,
which is overlain by parallel laminated division B and cross-laminated division C. In
this example facies D and E are very thin, due to erosion or non-deposition. Indeed,
as said previously, bottom sea currents often erode the upper divisions.

Facies Modeling

Statistical Multi-Attribute Neural Network Analysis

Well logging, also known as

borehole logging is the practice
of making a detailed record (a
well log) of the geologic
formations penetrated by a
borehole. The log may be based
either on visual inspection of
samples brought to the surface
(geological logs) or on physical
measurements made by
instruments lowered into the hole
(geophysical logs). Well logging
is done when drilling boreholes
for oil and gas, groundwater,
minerals, and for environmental
and geotechnical studies.

logging while drilling (LWD),

was introduced which provided
similar information about the
well. Instead of sensors being
lowered into the well at the end
of wireline cable, the sensors
are integrated into the drill
string and the measurements
are made while the well is
being drilled. While wireline
well logging occurs after the
drill string is removed from the
well, LWD measures geological
parameters while the well is
being drilled

Directional drilling (or slant

drilling) is the practice of
drilling non-vertical wells. It
can be broken down into
three main groups: Oilfield
Directional Drilling, Utility
Installation Directional
Drilling ( or H.D.D.,
Horizontal Directional
Drilling, Directional boring)
and in-seam directional
drilling (Coal-Bed methane).
Measuring the inclination of
a wellbore (its deviation
from the vertical) is
comparatively simple,
requiring only a pendulum.
Measuring the azimuth
(direction with respect to the
geographic grid in which the
wellbore is running from the
vertical), however, was more
difficult.

Typically the wireline tools are cylindrical in

shape, usually from 1.5 to 5 inches in
diameter. There are three types of wireline
tools:
1. With sensors without excitation
There are units to measure spontaneous
potential (SP), which is a voltage
difference between a surface electrode
and another electrode located in the
downhole instrument, other instruments
that measure the natural radiation from
natural isotopes of potassium, thorium,
etc., to measure pressure and
temperature, etc.
2. With sources of excitation and sensors
There are sensor systems consistent of
a source of excitation and a sensor. In
this type we find acoustic (also called
sonic), electric, inductive, magnetic
resonance, sensing systems, just to
name a few.
3. Instruments that produce some mechanical
work, or retrieve a sample of fluid or rock to
the surface.
Devices to collect samples of rock,
samples of fluid extracted from the rock,
and some other mechanical devices.

Sequence Stratigraphy

Sequence stratigraphy
High-resolution sequence stratigraphybuild multi-cycles by integrating cores and
logging data to determine the position of the turn-point and flooding surfaces

Logging and cores

for short-term
cycles

The thickness of the cross-bedded lamination

Facies succession

Preserved elements

Logging
for medium-term
cycles
seismic profile
for long-term
cycles

Symmetry of base-level cycle

Cross
,
1995

Styles of deposition

onlap

geometry

Characteristics of sedimentary micro-facies

Regression
distributary
channel

Aggradation
distributary
channel
Progression
distributary
channel

Characteristics of sedimentary micro-facies

Swamp

Distributary
plain

Characteristics of sedimentary micro-facies

Crevasse splay

Inter-distributary fill

Logging show that more trunk-shaped fluvials or distributary channels are found at the
base of the LTAF and more coarsen-up splays or bars are recognized at the top of the
LTAF, which show a regression cycle with more marine influences on the top.

Main sedimentary structure and characters

PIC2

PIC1

PIC3

PIC4

PIC5

PIC6

Related to distributary channel on delta plain

PIC1: bedding on the top of the distributary channel

PIC2: blocky oil-invaded sandstone with pebbles
PIC3: the scour surface on the base of blocky medium-coarse sandstones
PIC4: cross-bedding sandstones with pebbles in
PIC5: blocky pebbly sandstones
PIC6: bedding in fine-coarse sandstones
PIC7: cross-bedding in fine sandstones

PIC7

Main sedimentary structure and characters

PIC9

PIC8

PIC10

PIC11

PIC12

Related with inter-distributary channel

PIC8: wave-like cross bedding in siltstone-fine sandstones
PIC9: bioturbated structures in silt-fine sandstones

Related with bay

PIC10: grey claystone with coal under it

PIC11: brown-red claystone changes to grey claystones
PIC12: silt sandstone belt in greenish grey claystones
PIC13: coal

PIC13

REGIONAL SETTING

REGIONAL SETTING

REGIONAL SETTING

PETA FACIES RESERVOIR A

PETA POROSITAS RESERVOIR A

Grafik Hubungan antara Porositas Vs Permeabilitas

Berdasarkan Core

PETA PERMEABILITAS RESERVOIR A

RESERVOIR SIMULATION GRID