A

Seminar Presentation
On
Bio-Diesel Fuel

By:- Guided By:-

Subhash Banshiwal T.S. Chauhan

Deptt. Of Mechanical Engg.

M .A .I .E . T , Jaipur
MNIT 1
 Different fuels for Automobile

 Fossil fuel
 Hydrogen fuel
 C. N. G.
 L. P. G.
 Bio-diesel

MNIT 2
PROBLEM WITH FOSSILE FUELS

LIMITED RESOURCES
PRICE HIKE
HIGH LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENT
POLLUTION
DEPENDENCE ON OTHER COUNTRIES

MNIT 3
 What are Biofuels ?
 Renewable fuels from bio sources
 Include
– Ethanol
– Biogases
– Bio-hydrogen
– Vegetable oils (Associated Problems)
– Bio-diesel (why?)

MNIT 4
 BIODIESEL vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELS

DIESEL CNG LNG METHANOL ETHANOL BIODIESEL

___________________________________________________________________________
Vehicle cost 10 5 5 5 5 10
Infrastructure 10 2 5 5 5 10
Safety 7 4 3 1 3 8
Operating range 10 5 10 10 10 10
Operating cost 10 5 7 5 5 7
Reliability 10 7 5 3 3 10
Customer
acceptance 5 8 8 8 9 8
Funding
assistance 1 10 2 0 2 2
Training cost 10 5 5 5 5 10
Fuel availability 10 10 5 5 5 6
Fuel quality 9 5 10 8 8 9
Fuel price
stability 6 8 8 6 6 6

TOTAL 98 74 73 MNIT 61 66 96 __
5
Environmental Concerns
Emissions by combustion engine (100B)

Emission Reduction (%)

CO 67
HC 30
PM 68
SOOT 50
PAH 85
CO2 100
NOX +/-2--6
S 80-100
MNIT 6
 Definition of “Biodiesel”

 Biodiesel – a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl

esters of long chain fatty acids derived from
vegetable oils or animal fats.

MNIT 7
 What is Biodiesel?
 Alternative fuel for diesel engines
 Made from vegetable oil or animal fat
 Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer
 Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.
 Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl
esters produced usually from triglyceride esters
 Renewable source of energy
Fatty Acid
FA Alcohol
Glycerin

FA FA

FA Biodiesel

Vegetable Oil
MNIT 8
 PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE
13 pounds of fossil CO2 released per gallon burned

Fossil CO2
Release to Atmosphere

Refining

Use in Cars and Trucks

Exploration

MNIT 9
 BIODIESEL CO2 CYCLE
No fossil CO2 Released ; No global warming

Renewable CO2

Oil Crops Use in Cars and Trucks

Biodiesel Production
MNIT 10
 Biodiesel Production
Processes

 Dilution
 Pyrolysis
 Micro-emulsion
 Transesterification

MNIT 11
 Transesterification

O O
|| ||
CH2 - O - C - R1 CH3 - O - C - R1
|
| O O CH2 - OH
| || || |
CH - O - C - R2 + 3 CH3OH <=> CH3 - O - C - R2 + CH - OH
| (KOH) |
| O O CH2 - OH
| || ||
CH2 - O - C - R3 CH3 - O - C - R3

Triglyceride methanol mixture of fatty esters glycerin

(Excess)
MNIT 12
Biodiesel production process

MNIT 13
 Standard Recipe

100 lb oil + 21.71 lb methanol

 → 100.45 lb biodiesel + 10.40 lb glycerol

+ 10.86 lb XS methanol

Plus 1 lb of NaOH catalyst

MNIT 14
 Triglyceride Sources
 Rendered animal fats: beef tallow, lard
 Vegetable oils: soybean, canola, palm, etc.
 Chicken fat
 Recovered materials: brown grease, soapstock,
etc.

MNIT 15
 Biodiesel Production
1,000
900
800
700
600
Mil gal

500
400
300
200
100
0
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Soybeans Other Oils

MNIT 16
 BIODIESEL SPECIFICATIONS
PROPERTIES UNIT SAE(2003) ASTM (2004)

Density g/cm3 0.875-0.90 --

Ash Content % mass Max 0.02 Max 0.020
Total Sulfur % mass Max 0.01 Max 0.05
Cetane No. -- Min 49 Min 40
Flash Point 0
C Min 110 Min 100
Copper Corrosion degree 1 No. 3b max
Viscosity, 40 0C mm2/s (cSt) 3.5-5.0 1.9-6.0
Neutralization Value mg Max 0.5 Max 0.8
 Free Glycerin % mass Max 0.02 Max 0.02
Total Glycerin % mass Max 0.25 Max 0.24

MNIT 17
 Biodiesel Blends

Biodiesel Petroleum diesel

B100 = 100% biodiesel
B100 B20 = 20% biodiesel + 80% petroleum
diesel
B20 B10 = 10% biodiesel + 90%
petroleum diesel
B10
B5 = 5% biodiesel + 95%
B5 petroleum diesel
B2 B2 = 2% biodiesel + 98%
petroleum diesel
0 50 100

MNIT 18
 A Common Accepted Blending
Method
1. Diesel fuel is picked up at supplier loading rack and driven to B100
supplier.

2. The warm/hot B100 is added to the diesel fuel 3 Customer

3. Blending occurs during transportation to the customer.

1
Diesel
Fuel Supplier

2
Biodiesel
(B100)
Supplier
MNIT 19
Key Advantages of Biodiesel
Fuel (B100)
 Made from waste products

 Use with standard, existing equipment

 Reduces CO2 emissions by more than 75%

 Can be used in conventional diesel engines

 Fewer particulate emissions of CO and sulfur

dioxide

 Potentially safer to transport and store: flash

point of (150 C-typical vs. 77 C-typical for
petroleum diesel)
MNIT 20
 Why is Biodiesel better?
 Renewable
 Clean burning
 High Lubricity
 Fuel Efficiency – (high cetan no.)
 Reduces need to import oil
 Biodegradable
 Safe: non-toxic, non-hazardous, non-
flammable (high flash point)

MNIT 21
 Emissions Reductions

B20 emissions reductions compared to petroleum diesel:

– Carbon monoxide -20%

– Unburned hydrocarbons -30%

– Particulate matter -22%
– Sulphates -20%
– NPAH -50%

MNIT 22
BIODIESEL-Why Lower Emissions ?

 Biodiesel has high cetane

 In built Oxygen content
 Burns fully
 Has no Sulphur
 No Aromatics
 Complete CO2 cycle

MNIT 23
 BIODIESEL AND ECONOMY

 An increase of $1 per barrel of crude oil prices adds $425 million

to our oil import bill

 Oil import constitutes a major part of our trade deficit and has an
enormous impact on our economy and creation of new jobs

 The US dept of Energy estimates that each $billion of trade deficit

costs the US 27,000 jobs

 Developing a strong market for biodiesel would have tremendous

economic benefits

MNIT 24
 THE INDIAN SCENE
 Annual growth rate ~6% compared to world average of 2%

 Oil pool deficit & Subsidies Rs 16,000 crores , Rs 18,440 crores

(2003-04)

 Current per capita usage of petroleum is absymmaly low (0.1

ton/year) against 4.0 in Germany or 1.5 tons in Malaysia

 Our domestic production would meet only 33% of demand at the

end of 10th plan and only 27% by 2010-11

 INVESTMENT IN BIOFUELS MAKE STRONG ECONOMIC SENSE

MNIT 25
 INDIAN INITIATIVE ON BIODIESEL
 Indian Govt. has taken a serious note of Biodiesel
 Planning Commission has set up committees on:-
 Product development
 Engine studies
 Legal regulations
 Plantations
 Specifications
 Marketing
 Environmental issues

MNIT 26
Present Limitations of Biodiesel
Χ Warranties with engine manufacturers

Χ Increase in NOx emissions relative to petroleum diesel fuels

Χ Limited capacity at present (limited quantities available)

Χ Cold weather concerns

Χ Limited approved distribution access

( none in New England / one in S. East)

MNIT 27
 CONCLUSION
 Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel
engines that can be made from virtually any
oil or fat feedstock.
 The technology choice is a function of
desired capacity, feedstock type and quality,
alcohol recovery, and catalyst recovery.
 Maintaining product quality is essential for
the growth of the biodiesel industry.

MNIT 28
MNIT 29
MNIT 30