UNIT - III

DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS

DBMS
A Database Management System
(DBMS) is a set of computer
programs that controls the creation,
maintenance, and the use of a
database.

Architecture of a Database
Management System
External level
Conceptual level
Internal level

The External Level

The user view is different from the
way data is stored in the database.
For example, end users and
application programmers get
different external views.

The Conceptual Level

The conceptual level represents the
entire database as a whole, and is
used by the DBA.
This level is the view of the data as
it really is.

The Internal Level

This level deals with the physical
storage of data, and is the lowest
level of the architecture.
The internal level describes the
physical sequence of the stored
records.

Advantages of a DBMS

Improved availability
Minimized redundancy
Accuracy
Program and file consistency
User-friendly:
Improved security

Disadvantages of a
DBMS
Cost
Security


Hierarchical model


Hierarchical model

In a hierarchical model, data is

organized into a tree-like structure,
implying a single upward link in each
record to describe the nesting, and a
sort field to keep the records in a
particular order in each same-level
list.

Advantages of
Hierarchical Model
Easy addition and deletion of new
information.
Fast to access.
Easy to work
The model relates very well to
natural hierarchies.
It relates well to anything that works
through a one to many relationship.

Disadvantages of Hierarchical
Model
It requires data to be repetitively stored in many different
entities.
Can be very slow when searching for information on the
lower entities.
We no longer use linear data storage mediums such as tapes
so that advantage is null.
Searching for data requires the DBMS to run through the
entire model from top to bottom until the required
information is found, making queries very slow. Can only
model one to many relationships, many to many
relationships are not supported. Clever manipulation of the
model are required to make many to may relationships. For
example; what if a professor teaches classes, and is also a
graduate student?

Network DBMS (NDBMS)

A DBMS is said to be Network DBMS,
when it organizes the data in a
network structure.
As you all are aware that, a network
may have as many connections as it
can.

RDBMS
RDBMS is a database management system
based on relational model defined by
E.F.Codd.
RDBMS allows operations in a human
logical environment.
The main elements of RDBMS are based on
Codds 13 rules for a relational system.
Data is stored in the form of rows and
columns.

Features
Provides data to be stored in tables
Persists data in the form of rows and columns
Provides facility primary key, to uniquely
identify the rows
Creates indexes for quicker data retrieval
Provides a virtual table creation in which
sensitive data can be stored and simplified
query can be applied.(views)
Sharing a common column in two or more
tables(primary key and foreign key)
Provides multi user accessibility that can be
controlled by individual users

Advantages
Improved conceptual simplicity
Easier database design,
implementation, management, and
use
Ad hoc query capability (SQL)
Powerful database management
system

Disadvantages
Possibility of poor design and
implementation
Relational databases do not have
enough storage area to handle data
such as images, digital and
audio/video.
The requirement that information
must be in tables where relationships
between entities are defined by
values.

Object Oriented Database

OODBMS
An Object Oriented Database
Management System, commonly
referred to as OODBMS, is the result
of integrating database management
principles and object oriented
programming principles.

Characteristics of
OODBMS
Integration of object oriented
programming with database
technology.
Data Encapsulation
Inheritance
Object Identity
Polymorphism

The Need for Object-Oriented

Databases
The increased emphasis on process
integration is a driving force for the
adoption of object oriented database
systems.
For example:
The Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
area is focusing heavily on using object8oriented database technology as the process
integration framework. Advanced office
automation systems use object-oriented
database systems to handle hypermedia data.

Object Oriented Usage Areas

Business need
High performance, and
Complex data.

Query Processing
In databases that provide low-level access routines
such as IMS or flat file databases, the programmer
must write code to perform the queries.
With higher level database query languages such
as SQL and QUEL, a special component of the
DBMS called the Query Processor takes care of
arranging the underlying access routines to satisfy
a given query.
Thus queries can be specified in terms of the
required results rather than in terms of how to
achieve those results.

A query is processed in four

general steps
Scanning and Parsing
Query Optimization or planning the
execution strategy
Query Code Generator (interpreted
or compiled)
Execution in the runtime database
processor

SQL
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a
query language designed to help
applications interface with a relational
DBMS.
It is closely related to the relational model.
SQL provides two sub-languages:
DDL: Data Definition Language - used to
define schemas, relations and domains.
DML: Data Manipulation Language - used to
perform data queries, insertions, updates and
deletions in a defined relational schema.

How does an Application

Interact with a DBMS
Client/Server model
Embedded SQL model

DBMS Languages
DBMS normally provides one or more
specialized programming languages
calledDatabase(orDBMS)Langua
ges to allow its users to perform a
number of operations on the
database such as insert, delete, and
retrieve data in abstract terms
without knowing about the physical
representations of data

 Data definition language

Data definition language (DDL) is used
for defining the database schema. The
DBMS comprises DDL compiler that
identifies and stores the schema
description in the DBMS catalog
Data manipulation language
Data manipulation language (DML) is
used to manipulate the database.


Concurrency Control Of Database Management

Concurrency control is a database

management system (DBMS)
concepts are used to resolve conflicts
with simultaneous access or modify
data that can be performed with a
multi-user system.

Locking Concurrency Control

Strategy
Pessimistic Locking
Optimistic Locking

Lock Problems: Key Issue:

Deadlock
Live lock

DATA WAREHOUSING
A data warehouse is a subjectoriented, integrated, timevariant and non-volatile
collection of data in support of
management's decision making
process.

Data marts
Data marts, simply defined, are
smaller data warehouses that can
function independently or can be
interconnected to form a global
integrated data warehouse.

Points to remember about data

marts
Window based or Unix/Linux based servers are used to
implement data marts.
They are implemented on low cost server.
The implementation cycle of data mart is measured in short
period of time i.e. in weeks rather than months or years.
The life cycle of a data mart may be complex in long run if
it's planning and design are not organization-wide.
Data mart is small in size.
Data mart is customized by department.
The sourceof data mart is departmentally structured data
warehouse.
Data mart is flexible.
Graphical Representation of datamart.

Data Warehouse Architecture

(Basic)
Figure shows a simple architecture
for a data warehouse.End users
directly access dataderived from
several source systems through the
data warehouse

Architecture of a Data Warehouse


Data Warehouse Architecture (with a S taging Area)

Data Warehouse Architecture (with

a Staging Area and Data Marts)