Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
P.Kalaiselvan
Department of Mechatronics
Kumaraguru College of Technology
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A/D Converter Buffer
h Two major drawbacks in using
h First it is slow and BCD digital coding has to be
changed to binary , if the output is processed by
binary equipment.
h Second while free running the data from the A/D
converter is transferred to the interface register.
h For DC and low frequency signals,the converter is
often dual-slope type.
h Integrating time is chosen to be equal to the period of
the line frequency.
h For 50 Hz line supply the integrating time is 20ms
and the maximum conversion rate is around 20 to
30/second.
h If the full-scale voltage Vo is 10V the integrating time
is 20ms.
h The most popular type of converter is ³Successive
approximation ´ and its capable of high resolution
and high speed
h Higher speed are obtained by preceding the A/D
converter with a sample-hold.
h 9ith a high-level signal of 10V an 8-bit converter
(1/256) can produce 1-bit ambiguity when affected by
noise in the order of 40mV.
Digital Filtering
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h Consists of two insulated copper wires: one for carrying signal
the other for ground reference
h Twisted together to decrease the crosstalk interference between
adjacent pairs in a cable
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h Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
Most commonly used
Cheaper than STP
h Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable (STP)
Has a metal foil or braided-mesh covering that encases each
pair of insulated conductors
Bulkier and more expensive
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h Analog
Amplifiers every 5km to 6km
h Digital
Use either analog or digital signals
repeater every 2km or 3km
h Limited distance
h Limited bandwidth (1MHz)
h Limited data rate (100Mbps)
h Susceptible to interference and noise
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Co-axial Cables
× Coaxial Cable consists of 2 conductors.
× The inner conductor is held inside an insulator with the other
conductor woven around it providing a shield.
× An insulating protective coating called a jacket covers the outer
conductor.
The outer shield protects the inner conductor from outside
electrical signals.
× Typical impedance for co-axial cables are 75 ohm for cable TV ,
50 ohm for Ethernet.
h Analog
Amplifiers every few km
Closer if higher frequency
Up to 500MHz
h Digital
Repeater every 1km
Closer for higher data rates
h Less susceptible to interference and crosstalk than
twisted pair
Optical fiber
× Optical Fiber consists of thin glass fibers that can
carry information at frequencies in the visible light
spectrum .
× The typical optical fiber consists of a very narrow
strand of glass called the Core.
× Around the Core is a concentric layer of glass called
the Cladding. A typical Core diameter is 62.5 microns
(1 micron = 10-6 meters).
× Typically Cladding has a diameter of 125 microns.
Coating the cladding is a protective coating consisting
of plastic, it is called the Jacket.
Optical fiber
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Advantages and disadvantages
h Advantages:
Higher bandwidth
Less signal attenuation
Less interference
Resistance to corrosive materials
Light weight
More immune to tapping
h Disadvantages
Expensive to install
Guided transmission media summary