Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Some Basic
Principles for
Leveling
Tilo Schne
GFZ, Germany
tschoene@gfz-potsdam.de
Lecture Overview
Equipment
Introduction to Leveling
Observation, Field Notes, and
Computation
Equipment
Equipment
Level Instrument
Tripod
Staff/Pole
Change plate (German:
Frog/Frosch)
Pole staff bubble (bull eye)
Marker
Equipment: Level
Instrument
Automated Levels
Digital Levels
Push-button technique
No reading errors, special staff
Readings are stored and analyzed digitally
Automated Levels
(Compensator)
Bull Eye
Pendulum
Tribrach
Courtesy: Deumlich, Vermessungskunde
Digital Levels
Uses Barcode staffs
Internal storage of data
Equipment
Level Instrument
Tripod
Staff/Pole
Change plate (German:
Frog/Frosch)
Pole staff bubble (bull eye)
Marker
Equipment: Tripod
Wooden design or aluminum
to
ops, this is
Equipment
Level Instrument
Tripod
Staff/Pole
Change plate (German:
Frog/Frosch)
Pole staff bubble (bull eye)
Marker
Equipment: Staff/Pole
Wood, aluminum
INVAR type for high precision leveling
Conventional (E-type)
Barcode
for Digital Levels
Equipment
Level Instrument
Tripod
Staff/Pole
Change plate (German:
Frog/Frosch)
Pole staff bubble (bull eye)
Marker
Equipment
Level Instrument
Tripod
Staff/Pole
Change plate (German:
Frog/Frosch)
Pole staff bubble (bull eye)
Marker
Equipment: Bubble
Keep the pole upright
Equipment
Level Instrument
Tripod
Staff/Pole
Change plate (German:
Frog/Frosch)
Pole staff bubble (bull eye)
Marker
Survey Markers
Gives you a fixed point
Introduction to
Leveling
Horizontal surface
Along a line
Fore sight
fs
bs
h = bs - fs
Gravity Gradient
Definitions
Back sight (BS)
Reading a Staff
Read the [m], [dm] &
[cm]
Estimate the [mm]
1422
New Benchmark
NB1
Tidal Hut
TH
S1
S2
Inter
Fore
TH
1327
New Benchmark
NB1
Tidal Hut
TH
S1
Point
2365
3982
NB1
2347
0986
NB2
3753
3724
1101
NB1
TH
Date, Observer,
Instrument
Fore
Back
Instrument Check
Compute levels
Back Inter
Fore
dh
Comment
100 000
1327
2365
2347
+1
3753
9792
IST
-0001
SOLL
0000
TH
3982
7345
97 345
BM1
0986
1379
98 724
BM2
3724
8624
97 348
BM1
1101
2652
100 000
9793
TH
Loop misclosure
Misclosure Error
Achievable Accuracy
Instrument dependent
ms = m1km s, s in km
mH = (m1km/2) s, s in km #(middle of the line)
An acceptable misclose?
Small misclosures in closed level loops
are expected because of the
accumulation of random errors and can
be adjusted
Our example
The misclosure is +1 mm
The length of the loop is 0.4 km
Acceptable error is
2.5(0.4) = 1.6 mm
Cu
rv
at
ur
e
eff
ec
t
Horizontal Level
(r +h)2 = r2 + s2
=>
h s2/(2r)
www.fh-oow.de/institute/ima/personen/weber/VK_12/VL_VK1/geo_niv_6.htm
Distance (s) in m
10
20
50
100
1000
Effect (h) in mm
0,008
0,03
0,2
0,8
80
Refraction
www.fh-oow.de/institute/ima/personen/weber/VK_12/VL_VK1/geo_niv_6.htm
Collimation error
Occurs when the line of sight (as
defined by the lens axis and crosshairs) is not horizontal
Leads to an incorrect staff reading
t
line of sigh
horizontal line
error
Stand point 1
Stand point 2
a1 = a1+e
a2 = a2+2e
b1 = b1+2e
b2 = b2+e
h = a1b1
h = a2b2
h1 = a1b1 = a1b1e = he
h =h2e
e = h2h1
2
Summary
Procedure of leveling
1. The instrument must be check before use! (see
lecture)
2. The instrument and level must be stable settled-up
3. The bubble tube must be leveled before the reading
Procedure of Leveling
6.
Surface refractions
Beware also of temperature gradients (inside/outside
buildings) !!!!
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
An Unhappy Surveyor