Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Start of
injection
End of
injecction
-10
Events in CI Combustion
Fuel-Injection Systems
Unit Injector System (UIS) Single-Cylinder CI Engine.
Unit Pump System (UPS) Multi-cylinder CI Engine.
Common Rail Injection System (CRS) Multi-cylinder CI
Engine.
History of CRDI
The common rail system prototype was developed in the
1960's by Robert Huber of Switzerland.
The technology was further developed by Dr.Marco
Ganser at the swiss Federal Institute of Technology in
Zurich.
The first successful usage in production vehicle began in
Japan in the mid-1990's by Dr.Shohei Itoh & Masahina
Miyaki of the Denso Corporation.
Spray development
After fuel is injected into the cylinder, spray break-up
takes place in few crankshaft angles followed by wall
impingement.
In these stages, the movement of the fuel jet follows
different laws.
Before break-up, the jet follows the energy conservation
law and the intial velocity of jet is as follows:
Sac type
VCO-type
m f C D An 2 f p
m f C D An
d
2 f p
360 N
Coefficient of Discharge
Nuricks Number, K
p1 pv
K
p1 p2
Spray Formation
Spray formation is explained as Breakup Mechanism,
described as:
Stretching of fuel ligament into sheets or streams.
Appearance of ripples and protuberances.
Formation of small ligaments or holes in sheets.
Collapse of ligaments or holes in sheets.
Further breakup due to vibration of droplets.
Agglomeration or shedding from large drops.
The flow parameters of a jet:
Jet Reynolds number
Jet weber number
Ohnesorge number
Spray Structure
Where
is the liquid surface tension,
L is the liquid viscosity,
A is the air density,
L is the liquid density,
pL, is the injection pressure differential across the nozzle,
is the half spray angle and
t is the film thickness, given by
where do is the discharge orifice
diameter and
FN is the nozzle flow number defined by
Impingement of Spray
After the fuel jet has impinged the opposite chamber wall,
the movement of the wall jet is complicated.
Many experimental formulae have been suggested in the
design methodologies.
One such formulae used to calculate the velocity of the
zone that has impinged on the wall :
d d2
dt
where is the evaporation constant for forced convection.
0 1 0.276 Re
0.5
Sc
8k
0
ln 1 B
f cp
Where, k is the thermal conductivity of the gas,
Cp is the specific heat of the gas,
f is the density of the fuel and
B=the transfer number
1/ 3
1
B
h fg
QY0
c p T T f
Ignition Delay
The sum of times required for sub process.
The most widely reported correlation relating the ignition
delay to the ambient gas condition is given by the relation
where is the ignition delay, Pg and Tg are the ambient gas mean
pressure and temperature before autoignition takes place,
A, B and n are experimental constants.
pcyl
id 4.0 10
3
2.5
pref
p
1.04
g
6000
exp
6000
id 18 2 exp
p
T
cyl
p :Premixed air fuel ratio.
European Standards
Fuel-Injection Systems
Unit Injector System (UIS) Single-Cylinder CI Engine.
Unit Pump System (UPS) Multi-cylinder CI Engine.
Common Rail Injection System (CRS) Multi-cylinder CI
Engine.
The Unit Injector System (UIS) and the Unit Pump System (UPS)
are among the most significant innovations in this field.
They inject precisely the right amount of fuel individually into
each cylinder, at very high pressure, and at exactly the right
moment in time.
This results in considerably more efficient combustion than is the
case with conventional injection systems.
This, in turn, equates to higher output, less fuel consumption, and
lower levels of noise and exhaust-gas emissions.