Mis 320 PPT - ch04

Chapter 4
ETH ER N ET B A S IC S
Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

and Troubleshooting Networks, Fourth Edition (Exam
N10-006)
O bjectives
Define and describe Ethernet
Explain early Ethernet implementations
Describe ways to extend and enhance
Ethernet networks
Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

N10-006)
Introduction
Networks did not exist when computers
were first created

Sneakernet was the method of moving files
A more efficient method of sharing data
was developed
Ethernet
H IS TO R IC A L/C O N C EP T
UAL

N10-006)
The First Ethernet

ImDeveloped
plem entby
ati
on
Xerox in 1973
Based on bus topology
Transferred data at 3Mbps max
Remained in-house technology until
1979
Evolved into todays Ethernet
standards

N10-006)
The N ext Iteration ofthe

Et
her
net
DIX (Digital-Intel-Xerox) standard
Transferred data at 10Mbps max
DEC, Intel, and Xerox transferred
control of the Ethernet standard to IEEE

802.3 (Ethernet) committee

N10-006)
Issues Faced by Ethernets

D esi
gner
s
How to send data across the wire
How to identify the sending and
receiving computers
How to determine which computer
should use shared cable at what time

N10-006)
Topology
Hybrid star-bus
Hub at the center
Electronic repeater
Repeats the same signal out to the other
connected ports
Does not send signal back down the
originating port
Repeaters are not amplifiers

N10-006)
Figure 4.1 Ethernet hub

Organizing the Data:

Ethernet Frames
TES T S P EC IFIC

N10-006)
Ethernet Fram es
Smaller pieces of data transmitted
between computers
Using frames addresses two networking
issues
Prevents any single machine from
monopolizing the shared bus cable

Makes retransmitting lost data more
efficient
Used by all networking technologies
(including Ethernet)

N10-006)
Figure 4.2 Ethernet frame


N10-006)
Pream ble and M AC addresses

Preamble
Beginning of each frame
Seven bytes of alternating ones and zeros
Start frame
Follows the preamble
One byte
MAC address
Unique identifying address for each node

N10-006)
Figure 4.3 Frames propagating on a network


N10-006)
N ICs
Ethernet security vulnerability
Sniffers can order a NIC to run in
promiscuous mode
NIC processes all frames, not only those
intended for its MAC address
Sniffers have legitimate uses, but may also
be used unscrupulously

N10-006)
Type and D ata

Type
Helps receiving computer interpret the
frame contents at a basic level IPv4 or

IPv6 data
Data
Part of the frame that contains the payload
If an IP packet, packet contains extra
information such as the IP addresses of

both systems

N10-006)
Pad and the Fram e Check

Sequence
Pad
Minimum Ethernet frame size is 64 bytes

Extra data added if frame has fewer than
64 bytes
Frame check sequence

Aids in determining if the data has been
damaged in transit
Calculation used at the beginning and at
the end of transmission must give same
result

N10-006)
N etw ork Access

Carrier sense
Each node checks to see whether cable is
in use
Sends the frame when cable is free
Multiple access
All machines have equal access to the wire
Collision occurs if two machines send frame
simultaneously

N10-006)
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense
Each NIC on the network
examines the wire before
sending a frame. If the
node detects traffic, it will
pause a random amount
of time and try again.
Multiple Access
All machines have
equal access to the
wire. Access to the
wire is on a firstcome, first-served
basis
Collision Detection
If two NICs transmit at
the same time, a
collision results. NICs
may listen to detect a
collision.

N10-006)
Figure 4.4 No one else is talkingsend the

frame!

N10-006)
Figure 4.5 Collision!


N10-006)
Collisions
When collision occurs
Both machines generate a random number
to determine delay time before resending

packet
Properly running Ethernet network has
a maximum collision rate of 10 percent

Collision domain
A group of nodes that could send frames at
the same time could potentially cause a

collision

N10-006)
Figure 4.6 Rolling for timing

N10-006)
Early Ethernet N etw orks

N10-006)
Bus Ethernet
Original Ethernet networks used a true
bus topology
Thicknet (10Base5)
Thinnet (10Base2)
The T connector enabled the bus to carry a
single electrical signal that connected

every device on the network
The ends of the bus have to be
terminated

N10-006)
Figure 4.7 Thicknet vampire tap

N10-006)
Figure 4.8 10Base2 T connector in action

N10-006)
Figure 4.9 Terminating resistor

N10-006)
10BaseT:Physicalvs.Logical
Over 99 percent of all networks use
10BaseT or its newer versions

Consists of two or more computers
connected to a central hub
NICs connect with wires per 802.3
standards
Hubs for 10BaseT
Vary in size, shape, and number of ports
All need electrical power

N10-006)
10BaseT
Speed
10 Mbps
Signal Type
Baseband
A single signal
on the cable
Type of cable
Twisted Pair
Figure 4.10 Two 10BaseT hubs

N10-006)
10BaseT:U TP
Uses CAT 3 or higher
Two pairs of wires required (four-pair
cable commonly used)

One pair of wires sends data to the hub
The other pair receives data from the
hub

N10-006)
Figure 4.11 A typical four-pair CAT 5e

unshielded twisted-pair cable

N10-006)
Check Your CATS!

RJ-45 Connector
Used in 10BaseT
Each pin connects to a single wire inside
the cable
Pins are numbered from one to eight

N10-006)
Figure 4.12 Two views of an RJ-45 connector

Figure 4.13 The pins on an RJ-45

connector are numbered 1 through 8

N10-006)
Check Your CATS! (contd.)

RJ-45 pin assignments
1 and 2 send data
3 and 6 receive data
Duplex versus half-duplex mode
RJ-45 connector is called a crimp

Crimping is the act of installing an RJ-45
connector
A crimper is the tool used
Wires are color-coded


N10-006)
Figure 4.14 Color-coded pairs


N10-006)
TIA/EIA 568A and 568B

TIA/EIA defines industry standards for
correct crimping
Advantage of following an established
color code scheme
Ensures wires match up correctly at each
end
of the cable
Network technicians can make their
own Ethernet cables


N10-006)
Figure 4.15 The TIA/EIA 568A and 568B standards


N10-006)
10BaseT Lim its and

Speci
fi
c
at
i
ons
Maximum distance between hub and
computer: 100 meters
No more than 1024 computers
connected
to one hub
Such a high number is too expensive and
not practical
Excessive collisions can easily bog down
Ethernet performance

N10-006)
10BaseT Sum m ary

Speed:
10 Mbps
Signal type: Baseband
Distance:
100 meters between
hub/node
Node limit: 1024 nodes per hub
Topology:
Star-bus topology: physical
star,
logical bus
Cable type: CAT3 or better UTP cabling
with
RJ-45 connectors

N10-006)
10BaseFL
Fiber-optic version
Increased maximum distance
Two kilometers between the hub and the
node
Immune to electrical interference

More secure because difficult to tap
into
Multimode fiber-optic cables with ST or
SC connectors

N10-006)
Figure 4.16 Typical 10BaseFL card


N10-006)
10BaseFL Sum m ary

Speed:
10Mbps
Signal type: Baseband
Distance:
2000 meters between
hub/node
Node limit:
Topology:
star,
Cable type:
with
1024 nodes per hub

Star-bus topology: physical
logical bus
Multimode fiber-optic cabling
ST or SC connectors

N10-006)
M edia Converters
10BaseT and 10BaseFL have different
cabling and hubs but same Ethernet

packets
A media converter connects different
Ethernet types

N10-006)
Figure 4.17 Typical copper-to-fiber Ethernet

media converter (photo courtesy of TRENDnet)

N10-006)
Extending and Enhancing

Ethernet N etw orks

N10-006)
G eneralTips
Install additional hubs to connect
multiple LANs
Use a network bridge to connect two
Ethernet networks
Replace hubs with better devices to
reduce collisions

N10-006)
Coupler
Device with female connectors on both
ends
Used to connect a machine in a
location not planned for in original
network
Examples of coupler types
BNC couplers
UTP couplers

N10-006)
Connecting Ethernet Segm ents

When all ports on an existing hub have
been used, add another hub or a bridge

Hubs can be connected using an uplink
port or
a crossover cable
Uplink ports
Connect two hubs using a straight-through
cable

N10-006)
Figure 4.19 Typical uplink port

N10-006)
Connecting H ubs
When connecting hubs:
You can only daisy-chain hubs
Take time to figure out the uplink ports
If you plug hubs in incorrectly, no damage
will occur (they just wont work)

N10-006)
Figure 4.20 Daisy-chained hubs

N10-006)
Figure 4.21 A hierarchical hub configuration will

not work!

N10-006)
Figure 4.22 Press-button port

N10-006)
Crossover Cables
Another way to connect two hubs
Connect via two normal ports using one
crossover cable
Reverse sending and receiving pairs on
one end
One end crimped per TIA/EIA 568A
Second end crimped per TIA/EIA 568B

N10-006)
Figure 4.23 A crossover cable reverses the

sending and receiving pairs

N10-006)
Bridge
Acts like a repeater or hub to connect
two Ethernet segments

Goes one step beyond a repeater or
hub
Filters and forwards traffic
At first, acts like a repeater or hub

Monitors and records network traffic
Then begins to filter and forward

N10-006)
Sw itched Ethernet

N10-006)
The Trouble w ith H ubs

Classic 10BaseT network can only have
one message on the wire at a time

Collisions slow the effective
transmission speed for the whole
network
Ethernet switch
Creates point-to-point connections between
two conversing computers


N10-006)
Figure 4.24 Hub (top) and switch (bottom)

comparison

N10-006)
Sw itches to the Rescue

Ethernet switches give every
conversation the full bandwidth of the

network
Source Address Table (SAT)
A switch copies the source MAC addresses
and builds a table of MAC addresses of

each connected computer

N10-006)
Figure 4.25 A switch tracking MAC addresses


N10-006)
Figure 4.26 A switch making two separate connections


N10-006)
Figure 4.27 Switches are very commonly

connected in a tree organization

N10-006)
Spanning Tree Protocol(STP)

Eliminates the problem of accidental
bridge loops (i.e., redundant

connections in a network)
With STP enabled:
Loops are detected
Looped ports state is set to blocking

N10-006)
Figure 4.28 A bridging

loop

N10-006)
Spanning Tree Protocol(contd.)

STP-enabled switches use a Bridge
Protocol Data Unit (BPDU) frame

Determines distance between them
Helps keep track of changes on the
network
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP),
802.1w replaced the original STP in

2001

N10-006)
Troubleshooting H ubs and

Sw itches
Problem categories
Physical damage, dead ports, or general
flakiness
Hub or switch might have problems if
device cant connect to the network

Check for link lights
Check cables
Replace hub or switch with a knowngood device

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Chapter 4

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

were first created

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

The First Ethernet

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

The N ext Iteration ofthe

DEC, Intel, and Xerox transferred

control of the Ethernet standard to IEEE

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Issues Faced by Ethernets

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 4.1 Ethernet hub

Organizing the Data:

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

monopolizing the shared bus cable

Used by all networking technologies

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 4.2 Ethernet frame

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Pream ble and M AC addresses

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 4.3 Frames propagating on a network

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Type and D ata

frame contents at a basic level IPv4 or

information such as the IP addresses of

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Pad and the Fram e Check

Minimum Ethernet frame size is 64 bytes

Frame check sequence

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

N etw ork Access

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 4.4 No one else is talkingsend the

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 4.5 Collision!

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

to determine delay time before resending

Properly running Ethernet network has

a maximum collision rate of 10 percent

the same time could potentially cause a

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Figure 4.6 Rolling for timing

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

Early Ethernet N etw orks

Copyright 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.

Mike Meyers CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing

single electrical signal that connected