FOOTNOTES

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Guidelines for footnotes system

1.The easiest way to format your footnotes is to use
the Microsoft Word referencing tool.
(Insert>reference> footnote). If you are not using
this application use a superscript1. Then type
the corresponding number at the bottom of the
page, citing all the bibliographic information.
2. The first time a source is cited include the
author's full name, the title of the work and
publication details (see examples ). Subsequent
references to the same work can usually be in a
shortened form (but check with your lecturer first
about suitable abbreviations).
2

In-text Referencing
Example:
In the txt

Advertisers are very good at putting the hype

into hyperbole, unfortunately often resulting in a
sceptical audience.1 Geddes argues that in order
to create advertising impact, there needs to be a
continually fresh approach 2, and although others
point to the impossibility of this 3, a recent study
showed that audiences subjected to bland adverti
sing had difficulty in remembering the product.43

The footnotes
1. Jeffrey McQuain, Power language, Houghton
Mifflin Company, Boston, 1996, p.53.
2. Miranda Geddes, The advertisers toolbag,
Hudson, Perth, 2003.
3. Peter Henders, Design issues, Chesley
Publishing, London, 2001, ; June Sapforth, 1999,
The importance of design,Howarth Press, New
Yor.
4. Geddes, loc. cit.
The Latin abbreviation loc. cit. has been used to
indicate that the source has already been
mentioned.

ABBREVIATION

USE:

EXAMPLE:

Ibid
(in the same
place)

To indicate the same

sourcein the footnote
immediately above. If
referring to a different page
number ,write ibid p.35

1.Jane Clayden,Design Notes,

Tegdale Press, London,
2000,p.281
2.Ibid
3.ibid,p.39

Loc.cit
(in the place
already quoted)

To indicate a source and

page number already cited,
but one not immediately
above

Op.cit
(in the work
cited)

To indicate a different page

number of a source already
cited, but one not
immediately above

1.Jane Clayden, Design Notes,

Tegdale Press, London, 2000,
p.281
2.Andrea Jones, A History of Art,
Blum Press, New York, 1999,
p.38
3. Clayden, loc.cit
1.Jane Clayden, Design Notes,
Tegdale Press, Londaon,2000,
p.28
2.George Thompson, Modern
Designs, Noble Press, New Yok,
1999, p.38
3.Clayden,op.cit., p.270

How to Format Bibliography and

Footnotes
Book with one author
Footnote:
1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1999), 64.
Bibliography:
Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
6

Book with two authors

Footnote:
2. Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate
Conservation Biology (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2000), 1321.
Bibliography:
Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate
Conservation Biology. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2000.
7

Book with more than three authors

Footnote:
3. Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social
Organization of Sexuality: Sexual
Practices in the United States (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1994), 16.
Bibliography:
Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert
T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The
Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual
Practices in the United States. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1994.
8

Editor, translator, or compiler

Footnote:
4. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of
Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1951), 134.
Bibliography:
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of
Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1951.
9

Chapter or other part of a book

Footnote:
5. W. Freeman Twaddell, A Note on Old High
German Umlaut, in Readings in Linguistics I:
The Development of Descriptive Linguistics in
America, 19251956, 4th ed., ed. Martin Joos
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957),
251.
Bibliography:
Twaddell, W. Freeman. A Note on Old High
German Umlaut. In Readings in Linguistics I:
The Development of Descriptive Linguistics in
America, 19251956. 4th ed. Edited by Martin
Joos. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.
10

Popular magazine article

Footnote:
9. Steve Martin, Sports-Interview Shocker,
New Yorker, 6 May 2002, 84.
Bibliography:
Martin, Steve. Sports-Interview Shocker.
New Yorker, 6 May 2002, 84.

11

Newspaper article
Footnote:
10. William S. Niederkorn, A Scholar Recants on
His Shakespeare Discovery, New York Times,
20 June 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.
Bibliography:
Niederkorn, William S. A Scholar Recants on His
Shakespeare Discovery. NewYork Times. 20
June 2002, Arts section. Chicago style is for
newspaper citations to be made in running text,
not in parenthetical notes: As William Niederkorn
noted in a New York Times article on June 20,
2002, . . .
12

E-Book
An online book may be the electronic text of
part or all of the printed book, or a booklength
document available only on the Internet (e.g., a
work of hyperfiction).
Footnote:
1. Peter J. Bryant, "The Age of Mammals," in
Biodiversity and Conservation April 1999, <
http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/index.
html> (11 May 1999).
13

Online Newspaper article

Footnote:
1. Christopher Wren, "A Body on Mt. Everest, a
Mystery Half-Solved," New York Times on the Web,
5 May 1999,
<http://search.nytimes.com/search/daily/bin/fastweb
?getdoc+site+site+87604+0+wAAA+%22a
%7Ebody%7Eon%7Emt.%7Eeverest%22> (13 May
1999).

14

Online magazine
Footnote:
1. Nathan Myhrvold, "Confessions of a
Cybershaman," Slate, 12 June
1997,<http://www .slate.com/CriticalMass/9706-12/CriticalMass.asp> (19 October 1997).

15

Online Academic journal (ejournal)

Footnote:
1. Tonya Browning, "Embedded Visuals:
Student Design in Web Spaces," Kairos: A
Journal for Teachers of Writing in Webbed
Environments 3, no. 1 (1997),
<http://english.ttu.edu/kairos /
2.1/features/browning/index.html> (21
October 1999).

16

Professional site (eg. Governments Website)

Footnote:
1. Gail Mortimer, The William Faulkner Society
Home Page, 16 September
1999,<http://www.utep.edu/mortimer/faulkner/m
ain faulkner.htm> (19 November 2000).
Bibliography:
Mortimer, Gail. The William Faulkner Society
Home
Page.<http://www.utep.edu/mortimer/faulkner/m
ain faulkner.htm>. Accessed 19 November 2000.
17

BIBLIOGRAPHY

18

Bowman, John S., ed. The Vietnam War: An Almanac.

New York: World Almanac Publications, 1985.
Bradley, Mark, Jayne Susan Werner, and Luu Doan Hu
ynh. The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and Americ an
Perspectives. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 19
93.
Burk, Kathleen, and Melvyn Stokes. The United States
and the European Alliance since 1945. Oxford, UK;
New York: Berg, 1999.
Butterfield, Fox. Introduction to The Vietnam War: An
Almanac, ed. John S. Bowman. New York: Wor ld
Almanac Publications, 1985.
Chamberlain, Marlene. Review of The Girl in the Pictu
re: The Story of Kim Phuc and the Photograph That
Changed the Course of the Vietnam War, b
y
Denise Chong. Booklist 96, no. 22 (2000): 2103.
19

Chong, Denise. The Girl in the Picture: The Story of K

im Phuc, the Photograph, and the Vietnam War.
1st American ed. New York: Viking, 2000.
Clinton, William J. "Memorandum on Vietnamese Coo
peration in Accounting for United States Prisoners of
War and Missing in Action, February 18,
2000."
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Doc
uments
36, no. 8 (2000): 348-9.
Coming to Terms: American Plays & the Vietnam War.
New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1985.
Danyluk, Steven D. "Preventing Atrocities." Marine C
orps Gazette 84, no. 6 (2000): 36-8.
DeRosa, Christopher S. "A Million Thinking Bayonets:
Political Indoctrination in the United States Ar my."
Ph.D. diss., Temple University, 2000.
20