Prokaryotic chromosomes

Circular double helix

Complexed with protein in a
structure termed the nucleoid
Attached to plasma
membrane

Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Located in the nucleus
Each chromosome consists of a single molecule of
DNA and its associated proteins
The DNA and protein complex found in eukaryotic
chromosomes is called chromatin
1/3 DNA and 2/3 protein
Complex interactions between proteins and nucleic
acids in the chromosomes regulate gene and
chromosomal function

(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)

Kromatid. Salah satu dari

dua
bagian
identik
kromosom yang terbentuk
setelah
fase S
pada
pembelahan sel.
Sentromer.
Tempat
persambungan
kedua
kromatid, dan tempat
melekatnya mikrotubulus.
Lengan pendek
Lengan panjang.
Kinetokor : tempat
pelekatan benang spindle

A typical mitotic chromosome at

metaphase

Figure 7-13 Forms of chromotin structure seen in EM

(electron microscopy)

Gene for cystic fibrosis

(chromosome 7)

Gene for sickle cell disease

(chromosome 11)

Chromosomes are made of

DNA.
Each contains genes in a
linear order.
Human body cells contain 46
chromosomes in 23 pairs
one of each pair inherited
from each parent
Chromosome pairs 1 22
are called autosomes.
The 23rd pair are called sex
chromosomes:
XX is female, XY is male.

p
Centromere

Chromosome 5

The nucleosome

(1) Nucleosomes are the

building blocks of
chromosomes
The nucleosome is composed of
a core of eight histone proteins
and the DNA (core DNA, 147 bp)
wrapped around them. The DNA
between each nucleosome is
called a linker DNA. Each
eukaryote has a characteristic
average linker DNA length (2060 bp)

Figure 7-18 DNA

packaged into
nucleosome

Six-fold DNA compaction

Nucleosome Structures
Histone octamer
2 H2A
2 H2B
2 H3
2 H4

The nucleosome

(2) Histones are small,

positively charged (basic)
proteins

Five abundant histones are H1

(linker histone, 20 kd), H2A,
H2B, H3 and H4 (core histones,
11-15 kd).
The core histones share a
common structural fold, called
histone-fold domain
The core histones each have an
N-terminal tail, the sites of

Higher-order chromatin struc

Histone H1 binds to the linker

DNA between nucleosome,
inducing tighter DNA
wrapping around the
nucleosome

Figures 7-28, 29

A model of centromere structure

Figure 7-6 Centromeres, origin of replication and

telomere are required for eukaryotic chrom. maintenance

Chromosome duplication & segrega

Centromeres
Required for the correct
segregation of the chromosomes
after replication
Direct the formation of
kinetochore (an elaborate
protein complex) essential for
chrom. segregation
One chromosome, one
centromere
The size varies (200 bp- >40 kb)