STEALTH

TECHNOLOGY
IN

BRIEFING ABOUT THE

TECHNOLOGY

aircraft are aircraft that use stealth technology to

harder to be detected by radar and other means tha
ional aircraft by employing a combination of feature
e visibility in the visual, audio, infrared and radio
cy (RF) spectrum. Well known examples include the
tates' F-117 Nighthawk (1980s-2008), the B-2 Spirit
Bomber," and the F-22 Raptor.

h is accomplished by using a complex design philoso

uce the ability of an opponent's sensors to detect, tr
tack an aircraft .

n stealth aircraft first became possible when a

matician working for Lockheed Aircraft during the 19
d a mathematical model developed by Petr Ufimtse
n scientist, to develop a computer program called Ec

Principles Of Radar

Echo made it possible to

predict the radar
signature an aircraft
made with flat panels,
called facets.
Echo can be considered
as a wave bouncing off
the surface and
coming back to source.
This principle can be
used to detect time and

Doppler shift is
second principle of
radar.
This can b used to
detect the speed of
target approaching..

d radar cross section is only one of five factors that

rs addressed to create a truly stealthy design. Desig
dressed making the aircraft less visible to the naked
ng radio transmissions, and noise abatement.

combat use of stealth aircraft was in December 198

Operation Just Cause in Panama. In 1991, F-117s wer
with attacking the most heavily fortified targets in Ir
re the only jets allowed to operate inside Baghdad's
ts

Attention towards these aircrafts is made after

persian war II ,91
Night-enhanced images of the otherworldlyshapedF-117s taking off in the night and
striking high-value targets with scarcely
believable precision and seeming
invulnerability to thick air defences were
widely televised and etched in the memories
of TV viewers worldwide.

Different technologies
and strategies for
STEALTH

the leader of the Lockheed team that designed the

d:
h aircraft has to be stealthy in six disciplines: radar,
visual, acoustic, smoke and contrail. If you don't do
course."

hnologies and strategies for stealth are the province

al and underwater forces.
er warfare will naturally hand dominance to the acou
m
bat will emphasize visual, infra-red and acoustic
s.
d (to a lesser extent) infrared bands dominate the sc
surveillance, and so they have to be given higher p
nking the applications in air warfare.

Signature Of A
Vehicle

ure can be stated as any activity or radiation or cha

y that help to revile its presence at a particular poin

lity of an object on detection system can b called as

on methods used either in military or civil applicatio

of body as reference to detect that object.

RADAR REFLECTIVITY

ystems, from an AWACS to police speed radar, work

ciple :
in amount of electromagnetic energy
ted through a directional antenna, which focuses it i
am. When a reflective target blocks part of the beam
beam is reflected in many different directions, or "s
ering is fairly random, as is usually the case, some e
ected in the direction of the radar antenna. Most rad
this energy in pulses, thousands of them every seco

s between the pulse transmissions, the radar becom

nd the gaps are carefully chosen to be just long eno
ake its way to the target and back at the speed of li

nterval between the transmission and reception of th

s the range from the radar to the target.

antenna moves at a pre-determined regular rate, so

target moves in and out of the beam can be tied to t
the antenna, giving the target's bearing from the lo
r.

Comparison between
Human Eye & Radar

ee in a world which is saturated with visible light, so

ery square inch of it reflects some light toward us at

only "sees" the energy that is reflected toward it. Th

t a target ONLY when its antenna captures enough e
e the electronic noise that is invariably present in the

Variables
in the Transmission-scatteringReflection

affect the maximum range of the above process. Th

ength of the outgoing signal

dth of the beam
ze of the antenna
flectivity, or RCS, of the target.

Process Diagram
eam ical
B
ted
on
c
C
e
m
Refl
Bea

Sc
Ra att
ys ere
d

CS
A
AW

Enemy
Aircraft

RCS

RCS
Radar Cross Section
Out of radar designers control.
RCS not directly proportional to detection range
because of radial
scattering effects and cannonical beam of radar.
Radar cross section is the measure of a targets
ability to reflect radar
signals in the direction of the radar reciever i.e
per unit solid angle.

RCS
The rcs is easily visualized as product of three
factors.
Rcs ()=projected cross section
*reflectivity*directivity.
reflectivity=the percentage of power
reradiated(scattered) by the target .
Directivity=the ratio of power scattered back in
radar direction.

The sphere is
SCATTERING
essentially same
BYallTARGET
in almost
directions i.e.
360 degree
The flat plane
has has almost
no rcs except
when aligned
directly towards
radar i.e. 90
degree
The corner
reflector has an
rcs almost high
as flat plane over

Minimizing Rcs

Conventional
RADAR
Metallic surfaces
aircraft use
round ABSORBENT
generally reflect the
GEOMETRIC
DESIGN
radar signals.
shape cone as it
MATERIALS
support principle There stealth aircraft
should be coated with
of aerodynamics.
radar absorbent
The stealth aircraft
materials.
is made up of flat Which deflect and
surface and very
absorbed incoming
sharp edges
radar waves and
reduce the detection
Radar signal
range.
heating the stealth
plane are scattered Radar absorbent layer
is present below the
in all directions by

Minimizing Rcs
RADAR
GEOMETRIC DESIGN ABSORBENT
MATERIALS

Visual stealth
Low visibility is desirable for all military
applications
Earlier stealth aircraft were painted black and
thus could be used during nights
Now days an electro chromic polymer is being
developed for daytime stealth
These polymer sheets sense nature of the
surrounding and change there color accordingly

Visual stealth

Infra-red stealth
Infra-red radiation are emitted by all matter above
absolute temperature zero
Hot zones such as engine exhaust , wing surface
[ friction due to air ] get heated which rather
increases the visibility
These part should be kept cool as possible it can be
Option would be mixing of cool air with the hot
engine exhaust

Infra-red stealth

Acoustic stealth

Acoustic cells involves the sound waves to

detect the target
Knowing the fact thats sound waves moves too
slowly as compared to radio wave so it
functionality should be directed towards low
altitude flying aircraft and pre-dominantly ships
and submarines.

Plasma
In this stealth
stealth
the aircraft

injects a
stream of
ionized gas
which
envelopes the
aircraft due to
which most of
the radar
wave are
observe this
make the
aircraft
completely

Advantages of stealth
Reduces the causality rates during war
Saving military budget
Develop the military secretes
Bluff the anti-detective device

Issues with stealth

Stealth aircraft cannot fly as fast as
conventional aircraft
Can carry limited amount of load
Very economic B-2 cost [ $2 billion ] ,F-22
[$100 million ]
Wing shape does not provide the optimum
the lift.

Conclusion

Well to conclude the current scenario

appears some things similar to the cold
war both sides are accumulating weapons
to counter each other and each side can
be termed as stealth technology and the
other as anti-stealth technology.
Its an arm race except it isnt between
specific countries .

THAN
K
YOU !

IF ANY
?