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EPISODES
DISEASE OF
WEALTH
EPISODES
EPISODE used as a refined form of
the word disaster/ incident.
Indeed it was the shock of these disasters
that
stimulated
the
first
modern
legislative action to control of air
pollutants.
Careful study of different known episodes
reveal that all of the incidents had
something in common.
AIR POLLUTION
EPISODES
CRUCIAL INGREDIENTS FOR AN
EPISODE TO HAPPEN:
Large number of population sources
A restricted air volume
Failure of officials to recognize that
anything is wrong
The presence of water droplets of
the right size
Source: Goldsmith 1968
AIR POLLUTION
EPISODES
Major air pollution episodes(WHO,
1961)
Population
Weather
Donora,
1948
12,300
Anticyclone
inversion and
fog
London, 1952
Topography
Most probable
source of
River valley
River plain
Industry
Household and
steel and zinc coal burning
8,000,000
Anticyclone
inversion and
fog
# of deaths
Time of death
Chemical irritation
of exposed
membranous
surfaces
17
Began after second
day of episode
London, 1952
Chemical
irritation of
exposed
membranous
surfaces
4000
Began after
second day of
episode
Sulfur oxides with
particulates
AIR POLLUTION
EPISODES
FOG fog droplets of the right size, in
the 1 to 2 m diameter or in the range below
0.5 m is one of the most crucial element in air
pollution episodes.
Inversion Layers
An inversion occurs when a section
of the atmosphere becomes warmer
as the elevation increases.
immersion
heater is fixed
near the
bottom
Air-conditioner
is usually
installed high
on the wall
Smoke
is toxic.
CONVECTION
On a smaller scale near
coastlines, convection is
responsible for sea breezes.
During the daytime, land is
much hotter than the ocean.
A sea breeze is created
when hot air over the land
rises due to convection and
is replaced by cooler air
from the ocean.
At night the temperature
reverses so a land breeze
CONVECTION
Much of the Earths climate is regulated by giant
convection currents in the ocean.
80
70
55
Heating via ozone
Mesosphere 45
60
35
50
40
30
Stratosphere
25
Altitude (miles)
Altitude (kilometers)
90
Highlights:
Pressure decreases
with altitude until it
reaches zero
Troposphere is the
layer we live in;
mostly N and O;
weather; colder as
you go up
Stratosphere: has the
ozone layer; warmer
as you go up
15
Ozone
layer
20
Heating from the earth
Troposphere
10
5
Environmental science
Pressure = 1,000
0
0
40 80 120 millibars
at
(Sea 80 40
focuses
mostly on
Temperature (C)
ground level
Level)
Temperature Inversion
Increasing altitude
Warmer air
Inversion layer
Cool layer
Mountain
Mountain
Valley
Decreasing temperature
Temperature Inversion
Increasing altitude
Mountain
range
Decreasing temperature
Marine Inversion
Regional Subsidence
Inversion
SULFUR OXIDES
-Power plants, industry, volcanic eruptions
-Ocean aerosols, combustion of fossil fuels
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
-Bacterial action
-Combustion processes
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS
-Atmospheric reactions (secondary pollutant)
PARTICULATES
-Sea salt, soil dust, volcanic particles, forest
fires
-Anthropogenic sources
Sulfur
dioxide
(SO2)
Sulfur
dioxide
(ash)
MASS BALANCE:
Sin = Sash + SSO2
Sin = 1 kg/s x 0.030 = 0.030 kg/s
Sin = 9.46 x 105 kg/yr
Sash = (0.05)(9.46 x 105 kg/yr) = 4.73 x 104
kg/yr
SSO2 = Sin Sash = 9.46 x 105 4.73 x 104
SSO2 = 8.99 x 105 kg/yr
SSO2 = 8.99 x 105 kg/yr (64 SO2/32 S)
lbm
= 218.05 lbm
SO2 emission rate (per million Btu)
= 218.05 lb/(5.95 x 108 Btu)(106)
= 0.37 lb/million Btu
Comment:
meets the standard 1.2 lb/million Btu but
not the 90% reduction requirement
Recommendations:
1. The substitution of sub-bituminous
or lignite coal for the bituminous coal
2. Modification of burner.
Reaction Paper
What did we learn from the
episodes?
Whats different with Donora and
London with then and now?
What made the episode happen
before?
What makes us certain it wont
happen again?
A
I
M
B
R
L
T
C
O
T
A
I
M
B
R
L
T
C
O
T
A
I
M
W
G
L
N
R
O
T