Intro Jav

Chapter 17
Creating User Interfaces
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All ri
ghts reserved. 0132130807
Motivations
A graphical user interface (GUI) makes a system
user-friendly and easy to use. Creating a GUI
requires creativity and knowledge of how GUI
components work. Since the GUI components in
Java are very flexible and versatile, you can create
a wide assortment of useful user interfaces.
Previous chapters briefly introduced several GUI
components. This chapter introduces the frequently
used GUI components in detail.
Objectives
To create graphical user interfaces with various user-interface components:

JButton, JCheckBox, JRadioButton, JLabel, JTextField, JTextArea,
JComboBox, JList, JScrollBar, and JSlider (17.217.11).
To create listeners for various types of events (17.217.11).
To explore JButton (17.2)
To explore JCheckBox (17.3)
To explore JRadioButton (17.4)
To explore JLabel (17.5)
To explore JTextField (17.6)
To explore JTextArea (17.7)
To explore JComboBox (17.8)
To explore JList (17.9)
To explore JScrollBar (17.10)
To explore JSlider (17.11)
To display multiple windows in an application (17.12).
Components Covered in the Chapter

Introduces
the frequently used GUI components

Uses borders and icons
JButton
Component
Container
JComponent
AbstractButton
JCheckBox
JToggleButton
JRadioButton
JLabel
JTextArea
JTextComponent
JTextField
JPasswordField
JComboBox
JList
JScrollBar
JSlider
Buttons
A button is a component that triggers an action event
when clicked. Swing provides regular buttons,
toggle buttons, check box buttons, and radio buttons.
The common features of these buttons are
generalized in javax.swing.AbstractButton.
AbstractButton
javax.swing.JComponent
javax.swing.AbstractButton
The get and set methods for these data fields are provided in
the class, but omitted in the UML diagram for brevity.
-actionCommand: String
The action command of this button.
-text: String
The buttons text (i.e., the text label on the button).
-icon: javax.swing.Icon
The buttons default icon. This icon is also used as the "pressed" and
"disabled" icon if there is no explicitly set pressed icon.
-pressedIcon: javax.swing.Icon
The pressed icon (displayed when the button is pressed).
-rolloverIcon: javax.swing.Icon
The rollover icon (displayed when the mouse is over the button).
The mnemonic key value of this button. You can select the button by
pressing the ALT key and the mnemonic key at the same time.
-mnemonic: int
-horizontalTextPosition: int
The horizontal alignment of the icon and text (default: CENTER).

The horizontal text position relative to the icon (default: RIGHT).
-verticalAlignment: int
The vertical alignment of the icon and text (default: CENTER).
-verticalTextPosition: int
The vertical text position relative to the icon (default: CENTER).
-borderPainted: boolean
Indicates whether the border of the button is painted. By default, a regular

buttons border is painted, but the borders for a check box and a radio
button is not painted.
-iconTextGap: int
-selected(): boolean
The gap between the text and the icon on the button (JDK 1.4).
-horizontalAlignment: int
The state of the button. True if the check box or radio button is selected,
false if it's not.
JButton
JButton inherits AbstractButton and provides several
constructors to create buttons.
javax.swing.JButton
+JButton()
Creates a default button with no text and icon.
+JButton(icon: javax.swing.Icon)
Creates a button with an icon.
+JButton(text: String)
Creates a button with text.
+JButton(text: String, icon: Icon)
Creates a button with text and an icon.
JButton Constructors
The following are JButton constructors:
JButton()
JButton(String text)
JButton(String text, Icon icon)
JButton(Icon icon)
JButton Properties
text
icon
mnemonic
horizontalAlignment
verticalAlignment
horizontalTextPosition
verticalTextPosition
iconTextGap
Default Icons, Pressed Icon, and

Rollover Icon
A regular button has a default icon, pressed icon,
and rollover icon. Normally, you use the default
icon. All other icons are for special effects. A
pressed icon is displayed when a button is pressed
and a rollover icon is displayed when the mouse
is over the button but not pressed.
(A) Default icon
(B) Pressed icon
(C) Rollover icon
10
Demo
TestButtonIcons
Run
11
Horizontal Alignments
Horizontal alignment specifies how the icon and text
are placed horizontally on a button. You can set the
horizontal alignment using one of the five constants:
LEADING, LEFT, CENTER, RIGHT, TRAILING.
At present, LEADING and LEFT are the same and
TRAILING and RIGHT are the same. Future
implementation may distinguish them. The default
horizontal alignment is SwingConstants.TRAILING.
12
Vertical Alignments
Vertical alignment specifies how the icon and
text are placed vertically on a button. You can
set the vertical alignment using one of the
three constants: TOP, CENTER, BOTTOM.
The default vertical alignment is
SwingConstants.CENTER.
13
Horizontal Text Positions

Horizontal text position specifies the
horizontal position of the text relative to the
icon. You can set the horizontal text position
using one of the five constants: LEADING,
LEFT, CENTER, RIGHT, TRAILING. The
default horizontal text position is
SwingConstants.RIGHT.
14
Vertical Text Positions

Vertical text position specifies the vertical
position of the text relative to the icon. You
can set the vertical text position using one of
the three constants: TOP, CENTER. The
default vertical text position is
SwingConstants.CENTER.
15
Example: Using Buttons

Write a program that displays a
message on a panel and uses
two buttons, <= and =>, to move
the message on the panel to the
left or right.
ButtonDemo
Run
MessagePanel
JButton
JButton
16
JCheckBox
JCheckBox inherits all the properties such as text, icon,
mnemonic, verticalAlignment, horizontalAlignment,
horizontalTextPosition, verticalTextPosition, and selected
from AbstractButton, and provides several constructors to
create check boxes.
javax.swing.JToggleButton
javax.swing.JCheckBox
+JCheckBox()
Creates a default check box button with no text and icon.
+JCheckBox(text: String)
Creates a check box with text.
+JCheckBox(text: String, selected:

boolean)
Creates a check box with text and specifies whether the check box is
initially selected.
+JCheckBox(icon: Icon)
Creates a checkbox with an icon.
+JCheckBox(text: String, icon: Icon)
Creates a checkbox with text and an icon.
+JCheckBox(text: String, icon: Icon,

selected: boolean)
Creates a check box with text and an icon, and specifies whether the check
box is initially selected.
17
Example: Using Check Boxes

Add three check boxes named
Centered, Bold, and Italic
into the ButtonDemo example
to let the user specify whether
the message is centered, bold,
or italic.
ButtonDemo
CheckBoxDemo
CheckBoxDemo
Run
18
JRadioButton
Radio buttons are variations of check boxes. They are
often used in the group, where only one button is
checked at a time.
javax.swing.JToggleButton
javax.swing.JRadioButton
+JRadioButton()
Creates a default radio button with no text and icon.
+JRadioButton(text: String)
Creates a radio button with text.
+JRadioButton(text: String, selected:

boolean)
Creates a radio button with text and specifies whether the radio button is
initially selected.
+JRadioButton(icon: Icon)
Creates a radio button with an icon.
+JRadioButton(text: String, icon: Icon)
Creates a radio button with text and an icon.
+JRadioButton(text: String, icon: Icon,

selected: boolean)
Creates a radio button with text and an icon, and specifies whether the radio
button is initially selected.
19
Grouping Radio Buttons

ButtonGroup btg = new ButtonGroup();
btg.add(jrb1);
btg.add(jrb2);
20
Example: Using Radio Buttons

Add three radio buttons
named Red, Green, and
Blue into the preceding
example to let the user
choose the color of the
message.
ButtonDemo
CheckBoxDemo
RadioButtonDemo
RadioButtonDemo
Run
21
JLabel
A label is a display area for a short text, an image, or both.
javax.swing.JLabel
-text: String
The labels text.
-icon: javax.swing.Icon
The labels image icon.
The horizontal alignment of the text and icon on the label.
-horizontalTextPosition: int
The horizontal text position relative to the icon on the label.
-verticalAlignment: int
The vertical alignment of the text and icon on the label.
-verticalTextPosition: int
The vertical text position relative to the icon on the label.
-iconTextGap: int
The gap between the text and the icon on the label (JDK 1.4).
+JLabel()
Creates a default label with no text and icon.
+JLabel(icon: javax.swing.Icon)
Creates a label with an icon.
+JLabel(icon: Icon, hAlignment: int)
Creates a label with an icon and the specified horizontal alignment.
+JLabel(text: String)
Creates a label with text.
+JLabel(text: String, icon: Icon,

hAlignment: int)
Creates a label with text, an icon, and the specified horizontal alignment.
+JLabel(text: String, hAlignment: int)
Creates a label with text and the specified horizontal alignment.
22
JLabel Constructors
The constructors for labels are as follows:
JLabel()
JLabel(String text, int horizontalAlignment)
JLabel(String text)
JLabel(Icon icon)
JLabel(Icon icon, int horizontalAlignment)
JLabel(String text, Icon icon, int
horizontalAlignment)
23
JLabel Properties
JLabel inherits all the properties from
JComponent and has many properties
similar to the ones in JButton, such as
text, icon, horizontalAlignment,
verticalAlignment,
horizontalTextPosition,
verticalTextPosition, and iconTextGap.
24
Using Labels
// Create an image icon from image file
ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon("image/grapes.gif");
// Create a label with text, an icon,
// with centered horizontal alignment
JLabel jlbl = new JLabel("Grapes", icon,
SwingConstants.CENTER);
// Set label's text alignment and gap between text and icon
jlbl.setHorizontalTextPosition(SwingConstants.CENTER);
jlbl.setVerticalTextPosition(SwingConstants.BOTTOM);
jlbl.setIconTextGap(5);
25
JTextField
A text field is an input area where the user can type in characters.
Text fields are useful in that they enable the user to enter in
variable data (such as a name or a description).
javax.swing.text.JTextComponent
-text: String
The text contained in this text component.
-editable: boolean
Indicates whether this text component is editable (default: true).
javax.swing.JTextField
-columns: int
The number of columns in this text field.

The horizontal alignment of this text field (default: LEFT).
+JTextField()
Creates a default empty text field with number of columns set to 0.
+JTextField(column: int)
Creates an empty text field with specified number of columns.
+JTextField(text: String)
Creates a text field initialized with the specified text.
+JTextField(text: String, columns: int)
Creates a text field initialized with the specified text and columns.
26
JTextField Constructors
JTextField(int columns)
Creates an empty text field with the specified
number of columns.
JTextField(String text)
Creates a text field initialized with the specified text.
JTextField(String text, int columns)
Creates a text field initialized with the

specified text and the column size.
27
JTextField Properties
text
horizontalAlignment
editable
columns
28
JTextField Methods
getText()
Returns the string from the text field.
setText(String text)
Puts the given string in the text field.
setEditable(boolean editable)
Enables or disables the text field to be edited. By default,
editable is true.
setColumns(int)
Sets the number of columns in this text field.
The length of the text field is changeable.
29
Example: Using Text Fields

Add a text field to the
preceding example to
let the user set a new
message.
JFrame
ButtonDemo
CheckBoxDemo
TextFieldDemo
RadioButtonDemo
TextFieldDemo
Run
30
JTextArea
If you want to let the user enter multiple lines of text, you cannot use
text fields unless you create several of them. The solution is to use
JTextArea, which enables the user to enter multiple lines of text.
javax.swing.text.JTextComponent
javax.swing.JTextArea
-columns: int
The number of columns in this text area.
-rows: int
The number of rows in this text area.
-tabSize: int
The number of characters used to expand tabs (default: 8).
-lineWrap: boolean
Indicates whether the line in the text area is automatically wrapped (default:
false).
-wrapStyleWord: boolean
Indicates whether the line is wrapped on words or characters (default: false).
+JTextArea()
Creates a default empty text area.
+JTextArea(rows: int, columns: int)
Creates an empty text area with the specified number of rows and columns.
+JTextArea(text: String)
Creates a new text area with the specified text displayed.
+JTextArea(text: String, rows: int, columns: int) Creates a new text area with the specified text and number of rows and columns.
Appends the string to text in the text area.
+append(s: String): void
+insert(s: String, pos: int): void
Inserts string s in the specified position in the text area.
+replaceRange(s: String, start: int, end: int):

void
Replaces partial text in the range from position start to end with string s.
+getLineCount(): int
Returns the actual number of lines contained in the text area.
31
JTextArea Constructors
JTextArea(int rows, int columns)
Creates a text area with the specified number of

rows and columns.
JTextArea(String s, int rows, int

columns)
Creates a text area with the initial text and

the number of rows and columns specified.
32
JTextArea Properties
text
editable
columns
lineWrap
wrapStyleWord
rows
lineCount
tabSize
33
Example: Using Text Areas
This example gives a program that displays

an image in a label, a title in a label, and a
text in a text area.
JPanel
JFrame
-char token
+getToken
DescriptionPanel
+setToken
+paintComponet
-jlblImage: JLabel
+mouseClicked
-jtaTextDescription: JTextArea
-char token
1
+getToken
TextAreaDemo
+setToken
+paintComponet
+mouseClicked
+setImageIcon(icon: ImageIcon): void

+setTitle(title: String): void
+setTextDescription(text: String): void
+getMinimumSize(): Dimension
34
Example, cont.
TextAreaDemo
Run
35
JComboBox
A combo box is a simple list of items from which the user can
choose. It performs basically the same function as a list, but can
get only one value.
javax.swing.JComboBox
+JComboBox()
Creates a default empty combo box.
+JComboBox(items: Object[])
Creates a combo box that contains the elements in the specified array.
+addItem(item: Object): void
Adds an item to the combo box.
+getItemAt(index: int): Object
Returns the item at the specified index.
+getItemCount(): int
Returns the number of items in the combo box.
+getSelectedIndex(): int
Returns the index of the selected item.
+setSelectedIndex(index: int): void
Sets the selected index in the combo box.
+getSelectedItem(): Object
Returns the selected item.
+setSelectedItem(item: Object): void
Sets the selected item in the combo box.
+removeItem(anObject: Object): void Removes an item from the item list.

Removes the item at the specified index in the combo box.
+removeItemAt(anIndex: int): void
+removeAllItems(): void
Removes all items in the combo box.
36
JComboBox Methods
To add an item to a JComboBox jcbo, use
jcbo.addItem(Object item)
To get an item from JComboBox jcbo, use

jcbo.getItem()
37
Using the
itemStateChanged Handler
When a choice is checked or unchecked,
itemStateChanged() for ItemEvent is
invoked as well as the actionPerformed()
handler for ActionEvent.
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) {
// Make sure the source is a combo box
if (e.getSource() instanceof JComboBox)
String s = (String)e.getItem();
}
38
Example: Using Combo Boxes

This example lets
users view an
image and a
description of a
country's flag by
selecting the
country from a
combo box.
ComboBoxDemo
Run
39
JList
A list is a component that performs basically the same function as a combo
box, but it enables the user to choose a single value or multiple values.
javax.swing.JList
+JList()
Creates a default empty list.
+JList(items: Object[])
Creates a list that contains the elements in the specified array.
+getSelectedIndex(): int
Returns the index of the first selected item.
+setSelectedIndex(index: int): void
Selects the cell at the specified index.
+getSelectedIndices(): int[]
Returns an array of all of the selected indices in increasing order.
+setSelectedIndices(indices: int[]): void Selects the cells at the specified indices.

+getSelectedValue(): Object
Returns the first selected item in the list.
+getSelectedValues(): Object[]
Returns an array of the values for the selected cells in increasing index order.
+getVisibleRowCount(): int
Returns the number of visible rows displayed without a scrollbar. (default: 8)
+setVisibleRowCount(count: int): void
Sets the preferred number of visible rows displayed without a scrollbar.
+getSelectionBackground(): Color
Returns the background color of the selected cells.
+setSelectionBackground(c: Color): void Sets the background color of the selected cells.
+getSelectionForeground(): Color
Returns the foreground color of the selected cells.
+setSelectionForeground(c: Color): void Sets the foreground color of the selected cells.
+getSelectionMode(): int
Returns the selection mode for the list.
+setSelectionMode(selectionMode: int): Sets the selection mode for the list.
40
JList Constructors
JList()
Creates an empty list.
JList(Object[] stringItems)
Creates a new list initialized with items.
41
JList Properties
selectedIndexd
selectedIndices
selectedValue
selectedValues
selectionMode
visibleRowCount
42
Example: Using Lists

This example gives
a program that lets
users select
countries in a list
and display the flags
of the selected
countries in the
labels.
ListDemo
Run
43
JScrollBar
A scroll bar is a control that enables the user to select from a range of values. The
scrollbar appears in two styles: horizontal and vertical.
javax.swing.JScrollBar
-orientation: int
Specifies horizontal or vertical style, default is horizontal.
-maximum: int
Specifies the maximum value the scroll bar represents when the bubble
reaches the right end of the scroll bar for horizontal style or the
bottom of the scroll bar for vertical style.
-minimum: int
Specifies the minimum value the scroll bar represents when the bubble
reaches the left end of the scroll bar for horizontal style or the top of
the scroll bar for vertical style.
-visibleAmount: int
Specifies the relative width of the scroll bar's bubble. The actual width
appearing on the screen is determined by the maximum value and the
value of visibleAmount.
-value: int
Represents the current value of the scroll bar.
-blockIncrement: int
Specifies value added (subtracted) when the user activates the blockincrement (decrement) area of the scroll bar, as shown in Figure
13.30.
-unitIncrement: int
Specifies the value added (subtracted) when the user activates the unitincrement (decrement) area of the scroll bar, as shown in Figure
13.30.
+JScrollBar()
Creates a default vertical scroll bar.
+JScrollBar(orientation: int)
Creates a scroll bar with the specified orientation.

+JScrollBar(orientation: int, value: Creates a scrollbar with the specified orientation, value, extent,
int, extent: int, min: int, max: int)
minimum, and maximum.
44
Scroll Bar Properties

Minimal value
Maximal value
Block decrement
Block increment
Bubble
Unit decrement
Unit increment
45
Example: Using Scrollbars

This example uses
horizontal and vertical
scrollbars to control a
message displayed on a
panel. The horizontal
scrollbar is used to move
the message to the left or
the right, and the vertical
scrollbar to move it up and
down.
ScrollBarDemo
Run
46
JSlider
JSlider is similar to JScrollBar, but JSlider has more
properties and can appear in many forms.
javax.swing.JSlider
-maximum: int
The maximum value represented by the slider (default: 100).
-minimum: int
The minimum value represented by the slider (default: 0).
-value: int
The current value represented by the slider.
-orientation: int
The orientation of the slider (default: JSlider.HORIZONTAL).
-paintLabels: boolean
True if the labels are painted at tick marks (default: false).
-paintTicks: boolean
True if the ticks are painted on the slider (default: false).
-paintTrack: boolean
True if the track is painted on the slider (default: true).
-majorTickSpacing: int
The number of units between major ticks (default: 0).
-minorTickSpacing: int
The number of units between minor ticks (default: 0).
-inverted: boolean
True to reverse the value-range, and false to put the value range in the
normal order (default: false).
+JSlider()
Creates a default horizontal slider.
+JSlider(min: int, max: int)
Creates a horizontal slider using the specified min and max.
+JSlider(min: int, max: int, value: int)
Creates a horizontal slider using the specified min, max, and value.
+JSlider(orientation: int)
Creates a slider with the specified orientation.
+JSlider(orientation: int, min: int, max:

int, value: int)
Creates a slider with the specified orientation, min, max, and value.
47
Example: Using Sliders

Rewrite the preceding
program using the sliders
to control a message
displayed on a panel
instead of using scroll
bars.
SliderDemo
Run
48
Creating Multiple Windows

The following slides show step-by-step how to
create an additional window from an application
or applet.
49
Creating Additional Windows, Step 1

Step 1: Create a subclass of JFrame (called a
SubFrame) that tells the new window what
to do. For example, all the GUI application
programs extend JFrame and are subclasses
of JFrame.
50

Step 2: Create an instance of SubFrame in the
application or applet.
Example:
SubFrame subFrame = new
SubFrame("SubFrame Title");
51

Step 3: Create a JButton for activating the
subFrame.
add(new JButton("Activate SubFrame"));
52
Step 4: Override the actionPerformed()

method as follows:
public actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
String actionCommand = e.getActionCommand();
if (e.target instanceof Button) {
if ("Activate SubFrame".equals(actionCommand)) {
subFrame.setVisible(true);
}
}
}
53
Example: Creating Multiple

Windows
This example creates a main window with a

text area in the scroll pane, and a button
named "Show Histogram." When the user
clicks the button, a new window appears
that displays a histogram to show the
occurrence of the letters in the text area.
54
Example, cont.
MultipleWindowsDemo
Run
Histogram
55

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Chapter 17

Creating User Interfaces

To create graphical user interfaces with various user-interface components:

Components Covered in the Chapter

the frequently used GUI components

The action command of this button.

The buttons text (i.e., the text label on the button).

The pressed icon (displayed when the button is pressed).

The horizontal alignment of the icon and text (default: CENTER).

The vertical alignment of the icon and text (default: CENTER).

The vertical text position relative to the icon (default: CENTER).

Indicates whether the border of the button is painted. By default, a regular

Creates a default button with no text and icon.

Creates a button with an icon.

Creates a button with text.

+JButton(text: String, icon: Icon)

Creates a button with text and an icon.

Default Icons, Pressed Icon, and

(A) Default icon

(B) Pressed icon

(C) Rollover icon

Horizontal Text Positions

Vertical Text Positions

Example: Using Buttons

Creates a default check box button with no text and icon.

Creates a check box with text.

+JCheckBox(text: String, selected:

Creates a checkbox with an icon.

+JCheckBox(text: String, icon: Icon)

Creates a checkbox with text and an icon.

+JCheckBox(text: String, icon: Icon,

Example: Using Check Boxes

Creates a default radio button with no text and icon.

Creates a radio button with text.

+JRadioButton(text: String, selected:

Creates a radio button with an icon.

+JRadioButton(text: String, icon: Icon)

Creates a radio button with text and an icon.

+JRadioButton(text: String, icon: Icon,

Grouping Radio Buttons

Example: Using Radio Buttons

The labels text.

The labels image icon.

The horizontal alignment of the text and icon on the label.

The horizontal text position relative to the icon on the label.

The vertical alignment of the text and icon on the label.

The vertical text position relative to the icon on the label.

Creates a default label with no text and icon.

Creates a label with an icon.

+JLabel(icon: Icon, hAlignment: int)

Creates a label with an icon and the specified horizontal alignment.

Creates a label with text.

+JLabel(text: String, icon: Icon,

+JLabel(text: String, hAlignment: int)

Creates a label with text and the specified horizontal alignment.

The text contained in this text component.

Indicates whether this text component is editable (default: true).

The number of columns in this text field.

Creates a default empty text field with number of columns set to 0.

Creates an empty text field with specified number of columns.

Creates a text field initialized with the specified text.

+JTextField(text: String, columns: int)

JTextField(String text, int columns)