Radiation Measurement

Terminology:
Exposure rate = amount radiation possible to

receive per unit time.

Dose = total amount of radiation received.

2. Berdasarkan dosis radiasi

a..E fek Stokastik
Efek terjadi sebagai akibat paparan radiasi dengan dosis
yang menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan pada sel.
Tidak mengenal dosis ambang
Timbul setelah melalui masa tenang yang lama &
Keparahannya tidak bergantung pada dosis radiasi
Tidak ada penyembuhan spontan
Efek ini meliputi : kanker, leukemia (efek somatik), dan
penyakit keturunan (efek genetik).

b. Efek Deterministik (non-stokastik) adalah efek yang

kualitas keparahannya bervariasi menurut dosis dan hanya

timbul bila dosis ambang dilampaui.
Mempunyai dosis ambang .timbul beberapa saat setelah
radiasi
Adanya penyembuhan spontan (tergantung keparahan) &
Tingkat keparahan tergantung terhadap dosis radiasi
Efek ini meliputi : luka bakar, sterilitas / kemandulan,
katarak (efek somatik)

Radiation and Radioactivity:

Units and Quantities

Department of Health
Bureau of Radiation Control

Introduction
Quantities

(mass, volume, time, etc.) vs.

Units (grams, gallons, hours)
Units of exposure, radioactivity, and energy
associated with ionizing radioactivity
As hours and minutes are to time ...

Objectives
Define
ROENTGEN, RAD, REM, CURIE, GRAY,

SIEVERT, BECQUEREL.
SI units vs. Standard English units
Discuss

the use and conversion of unit

prefixes
Transform units using unit analysis

Background
Early

risk associated with use of ionizing

radiation
skin erythema dose - 25yrs
1928 - ROENTGEN introduced by ICRP

Roentgen

Roentgen
Named after Wilhelm C. Roentgen
(thus the abbr... is capital R)
Pronounced rentgen with a hard g
Limitations

only applies to photons

only applies in air
only applies to energies less than 3 MeV

rad

rad
1

rad = 1 Roentgen

rem

rem

Roentgen Equivalent Man

The

unit of dose equivalent for any type of

ionizing radiation absorbed by body tissue
in terms of estimated biological effect - Unit
of dose equivalent
Dose in health record is in units of rem
1 rem = 1 Roentgen

Quality Factor (Q)

The specific value that accounts for the
ability of different types of ionizing
radiation to cause varying degrees of
biological damage
X-rays, gamma rays, & beta particles
Neutrons & High energy protons
Alpha Particles

1
10
20

Curie (Ci)

Named in honor of Pierre Curie

Radiation

hazard does not solely depend on

the activity. It also depends on the type of
decay (alpha, beta, photon, etc.)

SI Radiation Protection Units

Becquerel

(Bq) for Curie

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
Gray (Gy) for rad
1 Gy = 100 rad
Sievert (Sv) for rem
1 Sv = 100 rem

Unit Analysis
BASE UNIT CONVERSION TABLE

Unit
1 Bq
1 Ci

Unit Conversion
2.7 x 10-11 Ci
3.7 x 1010 Bq
1 Bq
1 dis/sec
1 dis/sec
2.7 x 10-11 Ci
1 Ci
3.7 x 1010 dis/sec

Unit Analysis (Cont.)

BASE UNIT CONVERSION TABLE
Unit
Unit Conversion

1 rem
1 Sv
1 rad
1 Gy
1R
1 meter

0.01 Sv
100 rem
0.01 Gy
100 rad
2.58 x 10-4 C/kg
3.28 ft (39.37in)

Summary
Radiation

Protection unit definitions

(including SI units)
Unit Prefixes
Unit conversions

New Terms sort of

International Units have replaced the RAD
and REM
GRAY (Gy) = 100 RAD
SIEVERT (Sv) = 100 REM
Same Quality Factors apply to the Sv

Units of Radioactivity
Curie (Ci) = 2.22 E12 dpm or 3.7E10 dps
Becquerel (Bq) = 1 dps
Maximum Dose/year = 5 REM or 50 mSv
Maximum Dose/year for Declared Pregnant
Woman & Minors= 0.5 REM or 5 mSv

Annual Dose Limits

External/Internal Exposure Limits for Occupationally Exposed Individuals

Adult ($18 yrs)

Whole body*

5000 mrem/yr

Lens of eye

15000
mrem/yr
50000
mrem/yr
50000
mrem/yr
50000
mrem/yr

Extremities
Skin
Organ

Minor (< 18
yrs)
500 mrem/yr
1500 mrem/yr
5000 mrem/yr
5000 mrem/yr
5000 mrem/yr

Dose Response Relationships

0-150

remNo or minimal symptoms

150-400 remModerate to severe illness
400-800 remSevere illness deaths start
above 500 rem
Above 800 remFatal
***Acute whole body doses

Your Annual Exposure

Activity
Smoking

Typical Dose
280 millirem/year

Radioactive materials use

in a UM lab

<10 millirem/year

Dental x-ray
Chest x-ray
Drinking water
Cross country round trip by
air
Coal Burning power plant

10 millirem per xray

8 millirem per xray
5 millirem/year
5 millirem per trip
0.165
millirem/year

Estimated Exposure To The

National Population
Between

320 360 mr/yr

Another Look at Sources

Some Exposure Limits

2

mr/hr Dose rate to public / Federal

500 mr
Emergency responder limit / State/BRC
5 r/yr
Occupational /Federal
5 r/hr
Turn back value / State/BRC
10 r
Property / Federal
25 r
Life saving / Federal
>25r
Volunteers only / Federal
Ref - 10CFR PART 20, EPA 400, FL-SOP

Security
All

Radioactive Materials must be secured

or under direct supervision at all times
There MUST be someone in the room at all
times OR the door must be locked.

Spill Response
On

Skinflush completely
On Clothingremove
If Injuryadminister first aid
Radioactive Gas Releasevacate area,
shut off fans, post warning
Monitor all persons and define the area of
contamination

ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievablemeans making every reasonable
effort to maintain exposures to radiation as far below the dose limits as
is practicable consistent with the purpose for which the licensed
activity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the
economics of improvements in relation to the state of technology, the
economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health
and safety, and other societal and socioeconomic considerations, and
in relation to utilization of nuclear energy and licensed materials in the
public interest.