Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Strengths of Bonds
Bond dissociation energy the amount of
energy required to break a bond
Energy increases as the length of the bond gets
shorter
Internuclear distance
(bond length)
Covalent
radius
Covalent
radius
Internuclear distance
(bond length)
Internuclear distance
(bond length)
Covalent
radius
Covalent
radius
Strengths of Bonds
Single bonds > double bonds > triple bonds
Problem
Arrange the following bonds in order of
increasing bond strength.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Problem
Select the strongest bond in the following
group.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
C-S
C-O
C=C
CN
C-F
Electron-Dot Structures
Ionic:
Covalent:
Electron-dot Structures
Step 1: Count the total valence electrons.
Step 2: Identify the central atom
- Often least electronegative
Step 3: Place all other atoms around the central
atom
Step 4: Draw a single bond between each
external atom and the central atom
subtracting 2 electrons for each bond
drawn from the total valence electrons.
Electron-dot Structures
Step 5: Distribute remaining valence
electrons around the external
atoms giving the external atoms
an octet
Step 6: If valence electrons still remain,
place them on the central atom in pairs
Step 7: Verify that each atom has an octet
Hydrogen needs only 2 electrons
Boron needs only 6 electrons
Electron-Dot Structures
Step 8: If the central atom does not have an
octet, form a multiple bond by bringing a
pair of electrons in from the external
atom
Step 9: Calculate formal charge and minimize
the formal charge if acceptable
Period 3 elements and greater can have expanded octets if
one is necessary to minimize formal charge
Formal charge = # valence electrons for the atom 1 for
every dot on the atom 1 for every line around the atom
Problems
BF3
PF3
C2H6
I3+
NH4+
SO42 KClO3
or
O
Or from this
oxygen?
Problem
S3
PO43 CO32 NO2
Step 1
Lewis
structure
Step 2
Electron-group
arrangement
Problem
Determine the shape of the molecules for
which Lewis Structures have been
developed.
sp2
sp3
sp3d
sp3d2
Step 1
Molecular
formula
Step 2
Lewis
structure
Step 3
Molecular shape
and e- group
arrangement
Hybrid
orbitals
Problems
Carbon uses ______ hybrid orbitals in
ClCN.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
sp
sp2
sp3
sp3d
sp3d2
p overlap -
electron density
p overlap -
EN down a group
EN across a period from left to right w/ few
exceptions
Problem
Which of the following elements is the
most electronegative?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
S
Ru
Si
Te
Cs
Problem
Arrange calcium, rubidium, sulfur, and
arsenic in order of decreasing
electronegativity.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Problem
Select the most polar bond amongst the
following.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
C-O
Si-F
Cl-F
C-F
C-I