Chapter 6

THE TUNER SECTION OF THE SUPERHERODYNE

RADIO RECEIVER

the tuner section is located at the frontend or at the place where the signals enter the
radio receiver.
For clarity, the term superheterodyne radio receiver, radio receiver, and transistor radio
receiver, have the same meaning. So either of these terms can be used in our discussions.
Now, the tuner section has the following important functions.
1. it intercepts and collects the radio signals from the radio transmitting or broadcasting
stations.
2. it selects which of the collected radio signal should enter the raidio receiver.
3. it converts the frequency of the selected radio signal to its intermediate frequency
signal equivalent.
To perform the above fuctions, the tuner section as the following parts.

Fig.44 Pictorial appearances of the Importants parts in the tuner section.

As shown in Figs.43 and 44, the important parts in the tuner section are,
1. Antenna
2. Tunning capacitor or condenser
3. Local coil
4. Mixer-converter transistor
For our benefit, we will study the function or work of each parts, their basic contruction
and connections.
Antenna. Basically the antenna sed in transistor radios are made of two coils of very thin
wires.
These thin wires are wound around the powdered iron core. This powdered thin core is
also called antenna bar or ferrite core.

Fig. 46 Pictorial appearance of the antenna

Primary and Secondary Windings of the Antenna. As we have said, the antenna is made up of
two coils of thin wires, One of these coils is called the primary winding. And the other coil is
called the secondary winding. Although both the primary and secondary are wound in one core or
antenna bar, yet these two coils are not connected to each other. This is coil because each coil is
coated completely with an insulator such as shellac etc. You may ask, do the coils and the
antenna bar have electrical connection? No, the coils and the antenna bar have no electrical
connection. Although the coils and the antenna bar have physical connection yet current that
flows in the coils does not flow in the antenna bar because the coils are coated with and insulator.
(See Figs. 45 and 46)

Funtion or Work of the Antenna. in the tuner section, it is the antenna that intercepts
and collects the radio signals that comes from the radio broadcasting startions.
How the Antenna Intercepts The Radio Signals. When the travelling radio signals or electromagnetic waves hit the antenna, induced voltage and induce current are produced in the said antenna
This current produced by induced voltage is oscillating or is flowing back and forth in the in the antenna. As this current flows back and forth, electromagnetic lines of force are produced in the primary winding of the antenna. This electromagnetic lines of forces link the primary and secondary
windings of the antenna. (see Fig 47)

Fig.47 The electromagnetic lines of force links the

primary winding
and the secondary winding of the antenna
Because current that produces the electromagnetic lines of forces is
flowing back and forth or is oscillating,the directions of the flow of the
electromagnetic lines of force also varies in step with the oscillations of the
said current.in other words the electromagnetic lines of force produced by the
oscillating current are moving as they change directions.(See (Figs.47 and 48)
In as much as the electromagnetic lines of force that link the primary and
secondary windings are movings, the said lines of force are effectively
penetrating and cutting through the coil windings of the primary and
secondary.with this action,induced current is produced in the secondary
winding.Now,in as much as the oscillating current in the primary winding is
produced by the radio signal that is intercepted by the antenna.the variations
or the frequency of the oscillating current as well as its electromagnetic lines
of force is exactly the same as the frequency of the intercepted radio signal.
And because the induced current in the secondary winding is produced by the
electromagnetic line of force from the primary winding,so the frequency or
variation of the secondary induced induced current is exactly
the same as the radio signal that is intercepted and collected by the antenna.

Fixed beam
In this beam, both
ends of the beam
are rigidly fixed
into the supports.
Also, Main
reinforcement bars
and stirrups are
provided.

Cantilever beam
It is fixed in a wall
or column at one
end and the other
end is free, it is
called cantilever
beam. It has
tension zone in
the top side and
compression zone
in the bottom side

Continuous beam
It is supported
on more than
two supports .
This beam is
more
economical
for any span
lengths.

Overhanging beam

In overhanging
beam, Its end
extends beyond the
wall or column
support.
Overhanging of the
beam is the
unsupported
portion of the beam.
It may be one side
or both the sides of
the support.

R.C.C. Beams
Singly Reinforced Beam

Doubly Reinforced Beam

Types of Loading on
Beams

Concentrated Load
Uniformly Distributed Loads
Uniformly Varying Loads
Arbitrary Loading

COLUMNS
Column is a vertical structural
member. It transmits the load from
ceiling/roof slab and beam, including
its self-weight to the foundation.
Columns may be subjected to a pure
compressive load. R.C.C. columns are
the most widely used now-a-days.

Types of Columns
Long Column Or Slender
Short Column
Intermediate Column

R.C.C. Columns
Columns of square, rectangular
and circular sections

Prcautions of Columns
construction

Process of construction
Vertical Height of concrete
Columns for more then one storey
Load on the column of the top storey

Steel Columns or
Stanchions
Standard Structural Steel Sections

 Build-up Column Sections

LINTELS
Lintel is a short beam with its ends
built into a wall. It is a horizontal
structural member placed over small
openings of the wall for door, window,
ventilator, cupboard, etc.

CLASSIFICATION
OF LINTELS

Timber Lintel
Stone Lintel
Brick Lintels
Steel Lintels
R.C.C. Lintels

R.C.C. Lintel Over Inteior

Door Opening

Effective Load On Lintel

PRESENTED BY

SALMAN KHAN
ARUN

Thank you