1

Telecommunications and Networks

Learning Objectives
Identify

major developments and trends in the

industries, technologies, and business
applications of telecommunications and
Internet technologies.

Identify

the basic components, functions, and

types of telecommunications networks used
in business.

Section I

The Networked Enterprise

Networking the Enterprise

Networking

business and employees

Connecting them to customers,
suppliers, and other stakeholders.

Trends in Telecommunications
Industry

More competitive
More options for the firm

Technology

Unrestricted connectivity
Easy access for end users

Open systems
Use common standards for hardware, software,
applications, & networking.

Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

Technology

(continued)

High degree of interoperability

Digital networks

Higher transmission speeds

Moves larger amounts of information
Greater economy
Lower error rates
Multiple types of communications on the same circuits

Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

Technology

(continued)

Fiber-optic lines & cellular, PCS, satellite & other wireless

technologies
Faster transmission speeds

Trends in Telecommunications (continued)

Business

applications

Dramatic increase in the number of feasible

telecommunication applications.
Cut costs, reduce lead times, shorten response
times, support e-commerce, improve
collaboration, share resources, lock in
customers & suppliers, & develop new products
& services

The Internet
A

network of networks
Popular uses
E-mail
Instant

messaging
Browsing the World Wide Web
Newsgroups and chat rooms

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The Internet (continued)

The business value of the Internet

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Intranets
Within

an organization
Uses Internet technologies
Business value of Intranets
Used

for information sharing, communication,

collaboration, & support of business processes.
Web publishing

Comparatively easy, attractive, & lower cost alternative for

publishing & accessing multimedia business information

Intranets (Portals)

12

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Extranets
Network

links that use Internet

technologies to interconnect the firms
intranet with the intranets of customers,
suppliers, or other business partners
Consultants,

subcontractors, business
prospects, & others

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Extranets (continued)
Business

value

Improve

communication with customers

and business partners
Gain competitive advantage in
Product development
Cost savings
Marketing
Distribution
Leveraging their partnerships

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Section II

Telecommunications Network
Alternatives

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Telecommunications Network Alternatives

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A Telecommunications Network Model

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A Telecommunications Network Model

(continued)
Consists

of five basic components

Terminals

Any input/output device that uses

telecommunication networks to transmit or
receive data

Telecommunication

processors

Support data transmission and reception

between terminals and computers

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A Telecommunications Network Model

(continued)
Telecommunications

channels

The medium over which data are transmitted

and received

Computers

Interconnected by telecommunications networks

Telecommunications

control software

Control telecommunications activities & manage

the functions of telecommunications networks

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

Wide

Area Networks (WAN)

Cover

Local

a large geographic area.

Area Networks (LAN)

Connect

computers & other information

processing devices within a limited physical
area.
Connected via ordinary telephone wiring, coaxial
cable, or wireless radio & infrared systems

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

(continued)
Virtual
A

Private Networks

secure network that uses the Internet as

its main backbone network, but relies on
fire walls and other security features

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

(continued)

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

(continued)
Client/Server
Clients

Networks

end user PCs or NCs

Server helps with application processing
and also manages the network

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

(continued)

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Types of Telecommunications Networks

(continued)
Network
the

computing

network is the computer

Thin clients process small application programs

called applets.

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A Telecommunications Network Model

(continued)
Peer-to-Peer
Two

(P2P)

major models

Central server architecture

Pure peer-to-peer

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Telecommunications Media
Twisted-pair wire
Coaxial cable

Minimizes interference and

distortion
Allows high-speed data
transmission

Fiber optics

Glass fiber that conducts

pulses of light generated by
lasers
Size and weight reduction
Increased speed and
carrying capacity

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Wireless Technologies
Terrestrial

Microwave

Line-of-sight

path between relay stations

spaced approximately 30 miles apart.

Communications
Geosynchronous

Satellites

orbits
Serve as relay stations for communications
signals transmitted from earth stations

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Wireless Technologies (continued)

Cellular
Each

& PCS Systems

cell is typically from one to several

square miles in area.
Each cell has its own low-power transmitter
or radio relay antenna.
Computers & other communications
processors coordinate & control the
transmissions to/from mobile users as they
move from one cell to another

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M-commerce

Transactions and non-transaction functions

over wireless networks
Growth due to:

Newer and smaller technologies

More mobile populations
Deregulation of telecommunication markets
Less costly infrastructure than wired alternative

Slower to grow in US than Europe and Asia

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M-commerce

Issues
Relatively slow
transmission speeds
Screen size
Battery technology

PDA and smart phone

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Cellular Networks

Overlapping towers
Signal picked up by closest tower and
transferred on
AMPS standard (TACS in EUROPE)
PCS and various alternative standards

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Wireless Application Protocol

WAP forum
WAP proxy server
Issues in Web service
Requires scaled down sites
Low transmission speed
Non-compatible WAP versions
Lack of good WAP-enabled sites

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I-mode

Wireless Internet service

60% of Japanese market
Why so popular?
Lack of easy and based Internet access in
Japan
Lower PC penetration in Japan
Extensive wireless coverage
Returns money to website providers

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Personal Area Networks

Connection of computer to peripherals or

other computers
Connect PDA and desktop computer
Several connection methods:
Bluetooth (radio frequency up to 300 feet)
IrDA (Infrared) (cheap)
Wireless LAN 802.11b wireless Ethernet
(more reliable)

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New Generations of Wireless Networks

3G network
Broadband up to 2 Mbps
Packet switched
Combine prior incompatible system

(agreement on standards)

Virtual home environment

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Telecommunications Processors
Modems

(modulation/demodulation)

Changes

signals from analog to digital and

back to analog

Multiplexers
Allows

a single communication channel to

carry simultaneous data transmissions from
many terminals

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Telecommunications Processors
(continued)
Internetwork

Processors

Switches

Makes connections between telecomm circuits

so a message can reach its intended destination

Router

Interconnects networks based on different rules

or protocols

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Telecommunications Processors
(continued)
Hub

Port switching communications processor

Gateway

A processor that interconnects networks that

use different communications architecture

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Telecommunications Software

Provides

a variety of communications
support services including connecting &
disconnecting communications links &
establishing communications
parameters such as transmission
speed, mode, and direction.

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Telecommunications Software (continued)

Network
Traffic

Management

management
Security
Network monitoring
Capacity planning

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Network Topologies
Star
Ties

end user computers to a central computer

Considered the least reliable
Ring

(sometimes called Token Ring)

Ties

local computer processors together in a

ring on a more equal basis.
Considered more reliable & less costly

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Network Topologies (continued)

Bus
Local

processors share the same bus, or

communications channel
Tree is a variation which ties several bus
networks together

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Network Topologies (continued)

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Network Architectures & Protocols

Protocols
A

standard set of rules & procedures for the

control of communications in a network
Standards for the physical characteristics of
cables and connectors
Network
Goal

Architecture

is to promote an open, simple, flexible,

efficient telecommunications environment

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Network Architectures and Protocols

(continued)
OSI

Model
TCP/IP
Transmission

Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol

Used by the Internet and all intranets and

extranets

OSI (Open Systems

Interconnections)Protocol Model

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical

Mnemonics: All People Seem To Need Data Processing

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OSI Layers

Application
Presentation
(Http, TIFF, JPEG)

Session

(NFS, SQL, RPC)

Transport
(TCP,UDP)

Network
(IP,OSPF,ICMP)

Data Link
(ARP,SLIP,PPP)

Physical

Communication setup
Data to application layer
Initial contact
End to end integrity
Routing
Defines Protocols
Data to application layer

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Bandwidth Alternatives
Bandwidth

is the frequency range of a

telecommunications network
Determines the channels maximum
transmission rate
Measured in bits per second (bps) or baud
Narrow-band
Low-speed

transmission

Broadband
High-speed

transmission

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Switched Networks

Packet switched and circuit switched

Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN)
Frame Relay
Committed information rate
Data bursts

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Various speeds and scalability

The Internet

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Key Points:

Connecting the business and employees

with customers,suppliers and stakeholders.
Trends in telecommunications provides
information about the uses of
telecommunications in different sectors.
Role of internet in Business.
M-commerce is the less costly
infrastructure than wired application.
Optical fiber is the maximally used