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Plasticity
Common tests used to determine the monotonic strength of materials. (a) Uniaxial tensile test. (b) Upsetting
test. (c) Three-point bend test. (d) Plane-strain tensile test. (e) Plane-strain compression (Ford) test. (f)
Torsion test. (g) Biaxial test.
Plasticity
Ludwik-Hollomon equation
Voce equation
Johnson-Cook equation
Schematic representation of
the change in Poissons ratio as
the deformation regime
changes from elastic to plastic.
Stress-Strain Curves
Log d/d versus log for stainless steel AISI 302. (Adapted with permission from A.
S. de S. e Silva and S. N. Monteiro, Metalurgia-ABM, 33 (1977) 417.)
(a)
(b)
Bauschinger Effect
Bauschinger effect.
Metallic Glasses
Dislocations
Viscosity of Glasses
Viscosity of Glasses
Maximum-Stress Criterion
Maximum-Shear-Stress Criterion
Maximum-Distortion-Energy Criterion
(a) Simple model for solid with cracks. (b) Elliptical flaw in elastic
solid subjected to compression loading. (c) Biaxial fracture
criterion for brittle materials initiated from flaws without (Griffith)
and with (McClintock and Walsh) crack friction.
McClintock-Walsh Crtierion
Shear yielding and crazing for an amorphous polymer under biaxial stress. The
thicker line(delineates the failure envelope when crazing occurs in tension.(After
S. S. Sternstein and L. Ongchin, Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Of Polymer Chem.,
Polymer Preprints, 10 (1969), 1117.)
Comparison of the impression sizes produced by various hardness tests on a material of 750 HV. BHN
= Brinell hardness number, HRC = Rockwell hardness number on C scale, HRN = Rockwell hardness
number on N scale, VPN = Vickers hardness number. (Adapted with permission from E. R. Petty, in
Techniques of Metals Research, Vol. 5, Pt. 2, R. F. Bunshah, ed. (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1971),
p. 174.)
Brinell Impression
Procedure in using Rockwell hardness tester. (Reprinted with permission from H. E. Davis, G. E.
Troxel, and C. T. Wiscocil, The Testing and Inspection of Engineering Materials, (NewYork: McGrawHill, 1941), p. 149.)
(a) Hardnessdistance profiles near a grain boundary in zinc with 100-atom ppm
of Al and zinc with 100-atom ppm of Au (1-gf load). (b) Solute concentration
dependence of percent excess boundary hardening in zinc containing Al, Au, or
Cu (3-gf load). (Adapted with permission from K. T. Aust, R. E. Hanemann, P.
Niessen, and J. H. Westbrook, Acta Met., 16 (1968) 291.)
Knoop Indenter
Nanoindenter apparatus
Fibering
Impurities introduced in the metal as it was made become elongated into stringers when
the metal is rolled into sheet form. During bending, the stringers can cause the sheet to fail
by cracking if they are oriented perpendicular to the direction of bending (top). If they are
oriented in the direction of the bend (bottom), the ductility of the metal remains normal.
(Adapted with permission from S. S. Hecker and A. K. Ghosh, Sci. Am., Nov. (1976), p.
100.)
Punch-Stretch Test
Punch-Stretch Test
Forming-Limit Curve