Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Tropisms and
Nastic
Movement:
Orienting
Plants in
Space
TROPISM
the
turning of all or
part of an organism in
a particular direction
in response to an
external stimulus.
These tropic
responses may either
be positive or
negative.
Phototropism
is
often defined
as a response to
unilateral light
but can also
occur in plants
that receive light
from all sides.
Phototropism
The
coleoptiles
Organs
such as
coleoptiles appear to
function as light
pipes. This means
that light applied to
the tip, for example,
will be transmitted
through the coleoptile
to cells further down
the organ.
Phototropism: A Bluelight
Response
1930s
Probability of the chromoprotein
being a photoreceptor.
1940s
Suggestions that photoreceptors
are Flavin molecules.
Phototropina flavo-protein
pigment
responsible
for
Phototropism orients a
plant for optimal
The singular
impact of phototropism is that
photosynthesis
it
orients growth and leaf angle toward incident
light in order to maximize light interception for
photosynthesis.
Plants
Plants also
use blue
light to
control the
high-light
avoidance
response of
chloroplast
s in the
mesophyll
cells.
FLUENCE
CURVES
Fluence
RESPONSE
Initial rise
toin
Another
rise
first peak;
response to light;
restricted to
extends
more
the apex of
toward
the basal
coleoptiles
region of the
coleoptile
Reduced positive
response: bending
away from the light
Bunsen-Roscoe
Reciprocity
Law
States that the product of a photochemical
reaction is determined by the total amount of
energy presented, regardless of fluence rate or
presentation time.
The
THE PHOTOTROPIC
RESPONSE IS ATTRIBUTED
TO A LATERAL
REDISTRIBUTION OF
DIFFUSIBLE AUXIN
Cholodny-Went
hypothesis
Formulated in the late 1920s as a
combination of the ideas of N. Cholodny
and F. W. Went in an attempt to explain
phototropism
States that unilateral illumination induces
a lateral redistribution of endogenous
auxin near the apex of the organ.
Systematic Reevaluation
of the Cholodny-Went
hypothesis by W. R.
Briggs
REGULATION BY A FAMILY
OF BLUE-SENSITIVE
FLAVOPROTEINS
Phototropin
Photoreceptor for phototropism.
120kDa
Extensive
Phot 1
First positive
curvature
Second positive
curvature
Stomatal
opening
Phot 2
Second positive
curvature
Stomatal
opening
Avoidance movt
of chloroplasts
under high light
intensities
of phototropin plays
a significant role in the phototropic
response, probably by initiating a
phosphorylation cascade.
2. Phototropins
regulation.
GRAVITROPISM
is the directional
growth of a plant
organ in response
to a gravitational
field where roots
grow downwards
and shoots grow
upwards.
Gravity
Omnipresent
and nonvarying
Constant magnitude
can be detected only by the movement
of some structure or structures within
the cells
GRAVITROPISM IS MORE
THAN SIMPLY UP AND
DOWN
Orthogravitropic
diagravitropic
plagiogravitropic
agravitropic
Organs oriented
at some
intermediate
angle (between
0 and 90 to the
vertical)
Organs that
Gravitational
Stimulation
Gravitational stimulation (stimulus quantity or dose)
is the product of the intensity of the stimulus and
the time over which the stimulus is applied:
d
=ta
Threshold Dose
minimum
Threshold
Presentation Time
Is
Reaction Time
is
Threshold Intensity.
Is
Threshold
occurring between
1 and 10 seconds
following
occurs
within
perhaps
one
second
reorientation,
occurs between 10
of orienting a root
off the
vertical
involves
the
seconds and 10
and involves biophysical
conversion of the
minutes of
mechanisms
(e.g.,
pressure)
for
biophysical
single
reorientation and
sensing
the
direction
of
to
a
biochemical
involves a
gravitational
pull.
signal.
redistribution of auxin
within the root tip.
4 Phases of Root
Gravitropism
Columella
the
gravity detecting
portion of the root cap.
consists
of cells rich in
dense
amyloplasts:
organelles that are filled
with starch grains.
Gravity Perception
Starch-Statolith
hypothesis
G. Haberlandt
and E.
Nemec, 1900
Statolithsstarch grain
Amyoplasts
Are
In
Amyoplast as the
gravity-sensing
1. Gravitropism
is generally absent in plant
mechanism
species that have no starch grains or
amyloplasts.
2.
Amyoplast as the
gravity-sensing
3. Loss ofmechanism
starch by hormone treatment or
mutation is accompanied by a loss of
graviresponse.
4. Amyloplasts can be displaced by a highgradient magnetic field in place of gravity.
Redistribution of
Auxin
horizontal orientation of the shoot or roots
induces a lateral translocation of auxin toward the
lower side of the organ.
Auxin
Redistribution of
Auxin
the
higher auxin
content on the lower
side of the root
inhibits elongation
relative to the upper
side and the root
curves downward.
Changes in membrane
potential
Roots
pH changes
it
These
Calciu
m
PIN proteins
PIN protein
1
Location
Importance
Apical end of responsible
cells in the for delivering
stele
the auxin
stream to the
root apex
PIN proteins
PIN protein
2
Location
root cap
Epidermal
and cortical
cell
Importance
mediates the
basipetal
stream of
auxin toward
the cell
elongation
zone.
PIN proteins
PIN protein
3
Location
Lateral wall
of the
columella
cells
Importance
diverts the
flow of
auxin
laterally, or
centrifugally,
toward the
peripheral
NASTIC MOVEMENTS
Nastic
Some
Epinasty
is
the downward
bending of an organ,
commonly petioles
and leaves whose
tips are inclined
toward the ground.
Hyponasty
Reverse
response of epinasty,
which is said to be induced by
gibberellins.
Theupwardbendingofaleafo
rotherplantpart,resultingfro
mgreatergrowthofthelower
sidethanoftheupperside.
Thermonasty
Is
a nastic movement
that is associated with
changes in temperature
thermonastic movements
are permanent and result
from alternating
differential growth on the
two surfaces of the
petals.
Turgor Movements
1.
2.
3.
All
NYCTINASTIC
MOVEMENTS
nyctinastic
responses
night
closure
depend on reversible
turgor changes in the
pulvinus.
The extensor region is
formed by motor cells
that lose turgor during
the bending movement,
Swollen
Role of Potassium
K+
Depolarization
SEISMONASTY
a
nastic movement in
response to a mechanical
shock rapid folding of the
leaflets of the sensitive plant
due to changes in turgor
pressure caused by vibration
three essential
characteristics of the
seismonastic
1. The
rapidity of the response
response.
It follows the all-or-none principle, which
means that there is no obvious relationship
between the intensity of the stimulus and
the extent of the response.
3. Excitation is propagated from the place of
stimulation.
2.