CONVENTIONAL, NON

CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

PROF M. M. WAGH
PETROLEUM CONSERVATION
RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (PCRA)

Energy is nothing but ability to

do the work
Work=Force X Distance N.M
Power = Rate of change of work
w.r.t time
Unit of power = N-M/Second
= 1 Joule or 1
Watt

Conventional energy systems

Major conventional sources includes
1) Fossil fuels: mainly includes solid,( coal)
liquid and gaseous fuels including
petroleum and natural gas.
2) water power or energy stored in water
3) Energy from nuclear fission.

The percentage use of various sources for the total energy

consumption in the world is given

Coal
Oil
N. gas
Uranium
Hydro
Wood
Dung
Waste

32.5%
38.3%
19.00%
0.13%
2.0%
6.6%
1.2%
0.3%

 Coal, Oil, Gas, Uranium, and Hydro are

commonly known as conventional sources of
energy. Looking at the percentage distribution
one finds that world energy supply mainly comes
from Fossil fuels.
Another pattern in developing countries is that
non commercial sources such as firewood,
animal dung and agriculture waste represent a
significant 8% of the total energy used in the
world

Coal
Since the advent of the industrialization coal has
been the most common source of energy.
Coal developed from vegetable matter which
grew in past geological ages.
Gigantic geological up heals buried these bogs
under layers of slit
Due to different heat and movement of earths
crust the different types of coals are formed.
Different types of coals are Peat, Lignite,
Bituminous and Anthracite.

Uses of coal

About 92 percent of the coal used in the United States, is for generating
electricity. Except for a small amount of net exports, the rest of the coal is
used, as a basic energy source in many industries, including, steel, cement
and paper. The four major uses of coal are:
FOR ELECTRIC POWER
Coal is used to generate almost half of all electricity produced in the United
States. Besides electric utility companies, industries and businesses with
their own power plants use coal to generate electricity. Power plants burn
coal to make steam. The steam turns turbines which generate electricity.
FOR INDUSTRY
A variety of industries use coal's heat and by-products. Separated
ingredients of coal (such as methanol and ethylene) are used in making
plastics, tar, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, and medicines. The concrete and
paper industries also burn large amounts of coal.
FOR MAKING STEEL
Coal is baked in hot furnaces to make coke, which is used to smelt iron ore
into iron needed for making steel. It is the very high temperatures created
from the use of coke that gives steel the strength and flexibility for products
such as bridges, buildings, and automobiles.

Oil
Almost 40% of the energy need of the world are fed by
oil.
The rising price of oil has brought a considerable strain
to economy
Refining petroleum or crude oil produces our fuel oil.
India is not rich in petroleum reserves.
The potential oil bearing areas are located in Assam,
Tripura, West Bengal, Ganga valley, Kutch, Andaman
and nicobar islands.
Diesel power plants in India are installed of capacity 0.35
million Kw.

Natural gas
Gas is incompletely utilized at present and huge
quantities are burnt off in the oil production
To transport the gas is costlier than transporting
oil.
Gaseous fuels are classified as
1) Gases of fixed composition such as acetylene,
ethylene, methane etc.
2) composite industrial gases such as water gas,
producer gas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas
etc.

Agriculture waste and organic

waste
At present small quantities of agricultural
and organic wastes consisting of draw
saw dust, bagasse, garbage, animal dung,
paddy husk accounting a major energy
consumption.
Considering the availability and location of
material produced these resources are
imp. for rural areas

Water power
Water power is developed by allowing
water to fall under force of gravity
It is used for electric power generation
Potential energy of water is converted in to
kinetic energy and this K.E. is then
converted into mechanical energy by
rotating the turbine. Producing power

Nuclear power
The energy released by the complete fission of
the U235 is equal to the heat energy obtained by
burning of 4500 tonnes of coal.
However there are some limitations of using the
nuclear energy due to high capital cost.
The enormous heat produced by nuclear fission
is utilized in heat exchangers for production of
steam and then to drive the steam turbines.
Nuclear power is having considerable potential
in countries like France and Belgium.

Conservation potential
1. Maharashtra generates around 25500
MW
2. It can save 3000 MW by Energy
Conservation
3. It has shortage of 5000 MW in peak hours
4. 1 MW costs Rs. 4 Crores. Imagine
investment required for 5000MW & Fuels
consumed

WHY ENERGY CONSERVATION?

Energy is essential input for Economic Development.

More the energy use, more the development of
Nation.
Development is Must But Environment is
First
For sustainable development, conservation and
efficient use of energy resources are of prime
importance
One unit of energy saved avoids 2.5 to 3 times fresh
capacity addition.
Efficient use of energy can be achieved at less than
one-fifth of the cost of fresh energy production.
17
To boost energy conservation, Govt. of India enacted

ENERGY CONSERVATION BENEFITS

18

POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN STATE

CONSERVATION
POTENTIAL (%)

POSSIBLE SAVING
per year

Industrial Sector

Up to 25

4359

Agriculture Sector

Up to 30

2619

Domestic Sector

Up to 20

2380

Commercial Sector

Up to 30

1318

SECTOR / INDUSTRY

TOTAL
* EQUIVALENT TO 1780 MW AVOIDED CAPACITY

10676*

20

Energy Management Centre, New Delhi

 Defined as method of achieving

quality product at least energy cost
without affecting environment.
1970- Started Thinking
1980- Seriously Thinking
1992- Energy Policy Act-1992-Federal USA
India Energy Conservation Act- 2001

Energy Audit is the verification, monitoring

and analysis of use of energy including
submission of technical report containing
recommendations for improving energy
efficiency with cost benefit analysis and an
action plan to reduce energy consumption.
TYPES
Envelope Audit Buildings, Balance for
in/out/leaks etc.
Functional AuditHeating, Building,
Lighting, Domestic water etc, Air handling
Process AuditProcesses,- Heating,
Ventilation, Heat treatments, Furnaces etc,
Transportation Audit Energy for transport
means
Utility Audit Monthly,Yearly uses etc.

Ways of Energy Conservation

Creating awareness in People for Energy.
Conduct Energy audit & corrective actions.
Use of CFL [Compact Fluorescent lamps]
LED lamps.
Plan & Construct Green building/ structure
Maximum use of Renewable energy
sources
Optimum use of Conventional Energy

Ways of Energy Conservation continued . . .

Save environment by control on Fossil fuels.
Routine maintenance of all machines
Improve the design/ efficiency of existing
machines
Share a car or two wheeler & use public
vehicles
Best Driving practices
Switch off light/ fans/ T.V. when you leave
Control the pollution & Earn Carbon Credit
Energy saved is more valuable than its
production

Renewable Energy
Sources/ systems

Potential/
Cumulative

Installation
(31-3-2012)

Wind Power

45,195

12000

Bio Power

16,000

2500

Co-generation
Bagasse

5,000

1600

Small Hydro
(upto 25 MW)

15,000

1826.43

Waste to Energy

7,000

34.95

Solar photovoltaics

20 MW per Sq. Km.

2.74 M.W.
Total 8088.5

New Technologies

Efficient Solar Cells by using Nano particle

Use of Carbon Nano tube for solar cells
Algae converting biomass to energy
Use of Fuel Cells expelling out Oxygen

Renewable Energy sources

While fossil fuels will be the main fuels.
There is a fear that they will get exhausted
eventually in the next century. Therefore
other systems based on non conventional
and renewable sources are being tried by
many countries like solar, wind,
geothermal, and biomass. The technology
is designed to tap the earths natural
energy flows these are called as new,
alternative or renewable energy sources.

Solar Energy
Solar energy has the highest potential of
all the sources of renewable.
The solar power on the earth is 10power
17 Watts.
Therefore the sun gives us 1000 times
more power than we need.
If we can use 5% of this energy it will be
50 times than world requirement.

D= 1.27x10 power4

D=1.39x10 power 6

This variation in the distance from the Sun causes the amount of solar radiation
received by the Earth to annually vary by about 6%. The average distance of the Earth
from the Sun over a one-year period is about 149.6 million km.

Solar radiation Reaching Earth

Applications of solar energy

There are several applications of solar
energy but they are divided into two
groups
1) solar thermal applications
2) solar photovoltaic applications

Solar thermal applications

1) Heating and cooling of residential buildings
2) Solar water heating
3) Solar drying
4) Solar distillation
5) Solar cooker
6) Solar salt production
7) Food refrigeration.
8) Solar furnaces
9) Solar ponds
10) Bio conversion

Solar Furnace

Solar photovoltaic applications

Solar photovoltaic cells which can be used
for conversion of solar energy into
electricity used for various applications.

Wind Energy

wind energy is a converted form of solar energy. The sun's radiation

heats different parts of the earth at different rates-most notably
during the day and night, but also when different surfaces (for
example, water and land) absorb or reflect at different rates. This in
turn causes portions of the atmosphere to warm differently. Hot air
rises, reducing the atmospheric pressure at the earth's surface, and
cooler air is drawn in to replace it. The result is wind.
Air has mass, and when it is in motion, it contains the energy of that
motion ("kinetic energy"). Some portion of that energy can be
converted into other forms of mechanical force or electricity that we
can use to perform work.
So the energy is from moving air, and any energy should be as per
the laws of the thermodynamics, especially the 2nd law ,which
states that the entropy of an isolated system which is not in
equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum
value at equilibrium and entropy is a measure of the unavailability
of a systems energy to do work.

Wind energy conversion systems

Applications of wind energy

Wind energy is used for pumping
application
Wind assisted gas turbine power
generating unit
Provide power for air compressors
Direct heat applications such as home
heating system, crop drying by running
heat pump.
Electricity generation.

Biomass energy

Biomass is organic matter produced by plants both terrestrial and

aquatic and their derivatives.
It consist of wood, agricultural residue, water hyacinth animal dung
etc.
There are three categories for obtaining energy from biomass
The first category is to burn directly or indirectly biomass to obtain
energy or gaseous fuels like producer gas and solid fuels like coal
and charcoal and tar.
Pyrolysis, gasification are the processes come under this category
In the second category the biomass is converted into ethanol and
methanol by hydrolysis process or fermentation process to obtain
liquid fuels for the engines and combustion.
The third category is to ferment the biomass anaerobically to obtain
the gaseous fuels like biogas or gobargas which have potential of
generating electricity.

Geothermal energy
Energy present in the earths crust is
readily available at some places and it is
almost in exhaustible source of energy
This energy is used in two forms one is
hot water and other is steam to run the
steam turbine
The hot water is used for direct heat
applications such as building heating.

Energy from oceans

The ocean sources of energy are Ocean

Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), Tidal
energy, and Wave energy
The conversion of solar energy stored as heat
in the ocean into electrical energy by making
use of temp. difference between the warm
surface of water and the colder deep water.
There are two types of OTEC plants
1) Open cycle OTEC plant
2) Closed cycle OTEC plant

Tidal power plant

The large scale up and down movement

of sea water represents an unlimited
source of energy. If some part of this
energy is converted into electrical energy
it would be an important source of hydro
power.
There are two types of tidal power plant
1) Single basin tidal power plant
2) Double basin tidal power plant

Case studies in Dairy Industries

Energy conservation tips in

Textile Industries