NC II COMPUTER

HARDWARE AND
SERVICING REVIEW
ENGR. RONNIE M. DYSANGCO, M.Engg.
TESDA CERTIFICATE No. 091314022228
TRAINING METHODOLOGY AND ASSESSMENT
METHODOLOGY CERTIFACE No. NCR09060138
Civil Service Commission Certificate No. 26130467

Computer Hardware Servicing Safety

and Precautions
TESDA NC II ComputerServicingalso
requires to learn about the Computer
HardwareServicing Safety and
Precautions.
The only danger to you in most of these
devices is the AC line connection.
Before you plug in the unit with any
covers removed, make note and cover
up any exposed AC line connections.

Computer Hardware Servicing Safety

and Precautions
The rest of the circuitry is low voltage and
while you can destroy your equipment by
your actions, you should be fairly safe.
The followingSafety Guidelinesare included
for your survival whenworking on
lineconnected or high voltage equipment.
ESDA NC II ComputerServicingalso
requires to learn about the Computer
HardwareServicing Safety and Precautions.
high voltage equipment.

Computer Hardware Servicing Safety

and Precautions
The only danger to you in most of these devices
is the AC line connection.
Before you plug in the unit with any covers
removed, make note and cover up any exposed
AC line connections.
The rest of the circuitry is low voltage and while
you can destroy your equipment by your
actions, you should be fairly safe.
The followingSafety Guidelinesare included for
your survival whenworking on lineconnected or

Computer Hardware Servicing Safety

and Precautions
Don't work alone - in the event of an emergency
another person's presence may be essential.
Always keep one hand in your pocket when
anywhere around a powered line-connected or
high voltage system.
Wear rubber bottom shoes orsneakers.
Don't wear any jewelry or other materials that
could accidentally contact circuitry and conduct
current, or get caught in moving parts.
(Bracelets, long necklaces)

Computer Hardware Servicing Safety

and Precautions
Don't attempt repair work when you
are tired. Not only will you be more
careless, but your primary diagnostic
tool -deductivereasoning - will not
be operating at full capacity.
Finally, never assume anything
without checking it out for
yourself!Don't take shortcuts!

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
To be able to pass the TESDA NC
IIComputerServicingExam you need also
to learn aboutVarious Testing procedure
performed on acomputer System.
System testing of software or hardware is
testing conducted on a complete,
integrated system to evaluate the
system's compliance with its specified
requirements.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
As a rule, system testing takes, as its input, all
of the integrated software components that
have successfully passed integration testing
and also the software system itself integrated
with any applicable hardware system(s).
The purpose of integration testing is to detect
any inconsistencies between the software
units that are integrated together (called
assemblages) or between any of the
assemblages and the hardware.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
The following examples are different types of
testing that should be considered during System
testing:
GUI SOFTWARE TESTING
USABILITY TESTING
PERFORMANCE TESTING
COMPATIBILITY TESTING
LOAD TESTING
VOLUME TESTING
STRESS TESTING
RECOVERY TESTING
ACCESSIBILITY TESTING

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
GUI SOFTWARE TESTING
Is the process of testing a product that
uses a graphical user interface, this is to
ensure that it meet its written
specifications.
This is normally done through the use of a
variety of test cases.
Most clients in client/server and webbased systems deliver system
functionality using aGUI.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
GUI SOFTWARE TESTING
When testingcomplete systems, the tester
must grapple with the additional functionality
provided by the GUI.
GUIs make testing systems more difficult for
many reasons: the event-driven nature of
GUIs, unsolicited events, many ways in/many
ways out and the infinite input domain
problems make it likely that the programmer
has introduced errors because he could not
test every path.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
USABILITY TESTING
Is a technique used to evaluate a
product by testing it on users. This can
be seen as an irreplaceable usability
practice, since it gives direct input on
how real users use the system. This is in
contrast with usability inspection
methods where experts use different
methods to evaluate a user interface
without involving users.

Goals of usability testing

The aim is to observe people using the product
to discover errors and areas of improvement.
Usability testing generally involves measuring
how well test subjects respond in four areas:
efficiency, accuracy, recall, and emotional
response.
The results of the first test can be treated as a
baseline or control measurement; all
subsequent tests can then be compared to the
baseline to indicate improvement.

Goals of usability testing

Performance- How much time, and how many steps,
are required for people to complete basic tasks? (For
example, find something to buy, create anew account,
and order the item.)
Accuracy- How many mistakes did people make? (And
were they fatal or recoverable with the right
information?)
Recall- How much does the person remember
afterwards or after periods of non-use?
Emotional response- How does the person feel about
the tasks completed? Is the person confident, stressed?
Would the user recommend this system to a friend?

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
PERFORMANCE TESTING
Software performance testing is used to determine
the speed or effectiveness of acomputer, network,
software program or device.
This process can involve quantitative tests done in
a lab, such as measuring the response time or the
number of MIPS. (millions of instructions per
second) at which a system functions. Qualitative
attributes such as reliability, scalability and
interoperability may also be evaluated.
Performance testing is often done in conjunction
with stress testing.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
COMPATIBILITY TESTING
Is part of software non-functional tests, is testing
conducted on the application to evaluate the
application's compatibility with the computing
environment. Computing environment may contain
some or all of the below mentioned elements:
Computing capacity of Hardware Platform (IBM 360,
HP 9000, etc.)..
Bandwidth handling capacity of networking
hardware
Compatibility of peripherals (Printer, DVD drive,
etc.)

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
COMPATIBILITY TESTING
Operating systems (MVS, UNIX,
Windows, etc.)
Database (Oracle, Sybase, DB2, etc.)
Other System Software (Web server,
networking/ messaging tool, etc.)
Browser compatibility (Firefox, Netscape,
Internet Explorer, Safari, etc.)

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
LOAD TESTING
It is used in different ways in the
professionalsoftware testingcommunity.
Load testing generally refers to the practice
of modelling the expected usage of a
software program by simulating multiple
users accessing the program concurrently.
As such, this testing is most relevant for
multi-user systems; often one built using a
client/server model, such as web servers.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
LOAD TESTING
However, other types of software
systems can also be load tested.
For example, a word processor or
graphics editor can be forced to read an
extremely large document; or a financial
package can be forced to generate a
report based on several years' worth of
data.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
LOAD TESTING
The most accurate load testing occurs with
actual, rather than theoretical, results.
When the load placed on the system is raised
beyond normal usage patterns, in order to test
the system's response at unusually high or
peak loads, it is known as stress testing.
The load is usually so great that error
conditions are the expected result, although no
clear boundary exists when an activity ceases
to be a load test and becomes astress test.

Various tools are also available to find

out the causes for slow performance

Application
Database
Network
Client side processing
Loadbalancer

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
VOLUME TESTING
A test belongs to the group of non-functional
tests, which are often misunderstood and/or
used interchangeably.
Volume testing refers to testing a software
application with a certain amount of data.
This amount can, in generic terms, be the
database size or it could also be the size of
an interface file that is the subject of volume
testing.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
VOLUME TESTING
For example, if you want to volume testyour
applicationwith a specific database size, you will
expand your database to that size and then test the
application's performance on it.
Another example could be when there is a
requirement foryour applicationto interact with an
interface file (could be any file such as .dat, .xml); this
interaction could be reading and/or writing on
to/fromthe file.
You will create a sample file of the size you want and
then test the application's functionality with that file in
order to test the performance.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
STRESS TESTING
IT industry -software testing,stress testrefers to
tests that put a greater emphasis on robustness,
availability, and error handling under a heavy
load, rather than on what would be considered
correct behavior under normal circumstances.
In particular, the goals of such tests may be to
ensure the software doesn't crash in conditions of
insufficient computational resources (such as
memory or disk space), unusually high
concurrency, or denial of service attacks.

Examples
A web server may be stress tested using scripts, bots,
and various denial of service tools to observe the
performance of a web site during peak loads.
Hardware- When modifying the operating parameters of a
CPU, such as in overclocking, underclocking, overvolting, and
undervolting, it may be necessary to verify if the new
parameters (usually CPU core voltage and frequency) are
suitable for heavy CPU loads. This is done by running a CPUintensive program (usually Prime95) for a long time, to see if
thecomputerhangs or crashes. CPU stress testing is also
referred to as torture testing. Software that is suitable for
torture testing should typically run instructions that utilise
the entire chip rather than only a few of its units.

Examples
A web server may be stress tested using
scripts, bots, and various denial of service
tools to observe the performance of a web
site during peak loads.
Security Testing- Is a Process to determine
that an IS (Information System) protects data
and maintains functionality as intended.The
six basic security concepts that need to be
covered by security testing are: confidentiality,
integrity, authentication, authorization,
availability and non-repudiation.

Six Basic Security Concepts

Confidentiality- A security measure which protects

against the disclosure of information to parties other than
the intended recipient that is by no means the only way of
ensuring the security.

Integrity- A measure intended to allow the receiver to

determine that the information which it receives has not
been altered in transit or by other than the originator of the
information. Integrity schemes often use some of the same
underlying technologies as confidentiality schemes, but
they usually involve adding additional information to a
communication to form the basis of an algorithmic check
rather than the encoding all of the communication.

Authentication- A measure designed to establish the

validity of a transmission, message, or originator. Allows a

Six Basic Security Concepts

Authorization- The process of determining that a requester
is allowed to receive a service or perform an operation. Access
control is an example of authorization.
Availability- Assuring information and communications
services will be ready for use when expected. Information
must be kept available to authorized persons when they need
it.Also authority to operate.
Non-repudiation- A measure intended to prevent the later
denial that an action happened, or a communication that took
place etc. In communication terms this often involves the
interchange of authentication information combined with
some form of provable time stamp.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
RECOVERY TESTING
It is the activity of testing how well an
application is able to recover from crashes,
hardware failures and other similar problems.
Recovery testing is the forced failure of the
software in a variety of ways to verify that
recovery is properly performed.
Recovery testing should not be confused with
reliability testing, which tries to discover the
specific point at which failure occurs.

Examples
While an application is running, suddenly restart
the computer, and afterwards check the validness
of the application's data integrity.
While an application is receiving data from a
network, unplug the connecting cable. After some
time, plug the cable back in and analyze the
application's ability to continue receiving data from
the point at which the network connection
disappeared.
Restart the system while a browser has a definite
number of sessions. Afterwards, check that the
browser is able to recover all of them.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
ACCESSIBILITY TESTING
It is a general term used to describe the degree to which a
product (e.g., device, service, environment) is accessible by
as many people as possible.
Accessibility can be viewed as the "ability to access" the
functionality, and possible benefit, of some system or entity.
Accessibility is often used to focus on people with disabilities
and their right of access to entities, often through use of
assistive technology.
Several definitions of accessibility refer directly to accessbased individual rights laws and regulations.
Products or services designed to meet these regulations are
often termed Easy Access or Accessible.

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
ACCESSIBILITY TESTING
Accessibility is not to be confused with
usability which is used to describe the extent
to which a product (e.g., device, service,
environment) can be used by specified users
to achieve specified goals with effectiveness,
efficiency and satisfaction in a specified
context of use.
Accessibility is strongly related to universal
design when the approach involves "direct
access."

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
ACCESSIBILITY TESTING
This is about making things accessible to all
people (whether they have a disability or not).
However, products marketed as having
benefited from a Universal Design process are
often actually the same devices customized
specifically for use by people with disabilities.
An alternative is to provide "indirect access"
by having the entity support the use of a
person's assistive technology to achieve
access (e.g., screen reader).

TESDA NC II Computer System

Testing Procedure
Maintenance testing
Is that testing which is performed to
either identify equipment problems,
diagnose equipment problems or to
confirm that repair measures have been
effective.

Maintenance Categories
Preventive maintenance- Changes to the
existing system so as to reduce the risk of failure
while operating.
Corrective maintenance- correcting problems
that arise while using the system.
Perfective maintenance- Enhancements
(modifications) to improve the safety, reliability,
efficiency or cost-effectiveness of operation.
Adaptive maintenance- Adaptations to
address requirements that crop up due to
changes in the environment or new regulations.

TESDA NC II Identifying Mother

Board Parts
The motherboard is considered as the main circuit of
the computer, it contains the connectors for attaching
additional boards.
Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS,
memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel
ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required
to control standard peripheral devices, such as the
display screen, keyboard, and disk drive.
Collectively, all these chips that reside on the
motherboard are known as the motherboard's chipset.
You must familiarize the motherboard parts and its
function since this is needed to pass the TESDA NC II
Computer Servicing Exam.

Parts of the Mother Board

BIOS
A main function of the BIOS is to give
instructions for the power-on self test (POST).
This self test ensures that the computer has
all of the necessary parts and functionality
needed to successfully start itself, such as use
of memory, a keyboard and other parts.
If errors are detected during the test, the
BIOS instruct the computer to give a code that
reveals the problem.
Computer Error codes are typically a series of
beeps heard shortly after startup.

CMOS
Carbon MetalOxideSemiconductor (CMOS)
Is a technology for making integrated circuits.
CMOS technology is used in microprocessors,
microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital
logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for
a wide variety of analog circuits such as image
sensors, data converters, and highly integrated
transceivers for many types of communication.
Frank Wanlass successfully patented CMOS in
1967 (US Patent 3,356,858).

CMOS-battery

 Is a button cell battery that gives

power to CMOS so that the Bios
setting is retain when the PC is turn
off.

CHIPSET

 The
southbridge
connects
to
lower-speed
peripheral buses (such as PCI or ISA).
In many modern chipsets, the southbridge
actually contains some on-chip integrated
peripherals, such as Ethernet, USB, and audio
devices.
A chipset is usually designed to work with a
specific family of microprocessors.
Because it controls communications between the
processor and external devices, the chipset plays
a crucial role in determining system performance.

Types of Processor Sockets or

Slots
PGA Processor Slot
A CPU socket or CPU slot is an electrical
component that attaches to a printed
circuit board (PCB) and is designed to
house a CPU (also called a
microprocessor).
CPU socket structure is largely
dependent on the packaging of the CPU
it is designed to house.
Most CPUs are based on the pin grid
array (PGA) architecture in which short,
stiff pins are arranged in a grid on the
underside of the processor are mated
with holes in the socket.
To minimize the risk of bent pins, zero
insertion force (ZIF) sockets allow the
processor to be inserted without any
resistance and then lock in place with a
lever or latch mechanism.

Types of Processor Sockets or

Slots
SLOT TYPE CPU slot
Are single-edged connectors similar
to expansion slots, into which a
PCB holding a processor is inserted.
Slotted CPU packages offered two
advantages: L2 cache memory size
could be packaged with the CPU
rather than the motherboard and
processor insertion and removal
was often easier.
However, they proved to have
performance limitations and once it
was possible to place larger cache
memory directly on the CPU die the
industry reverted back to sockets.

Types of Processor Sockets or

Slots
Land grid array (LGA)
packages have started to
supplant PGA with most
modern CPU designs using
this scheme.
The term LGA "socket" is
actually a bit of a misnomer.
With LGA sockets, the
socket contains pins that
make contact with pads or
lands on the bottom of the
processor package.

Types of Memory Socket or Slot

Types of Memory Socket or Slot

Types of Memory Socket or Slot

ISA Slot
Industry Standard
Architecture
Is an a 8 bit and 16 bit wide
bus, and runs at 4.77 mhz.
The ISA bus was developed by
a team lead by Mark Dean at
IBM as part of the IBM PC
project in 1981.
It was originated as an 8-bit
system and was extended in
1983 for the XT system
architecture.
The newer 16-bit standard,
the IBM AT bus, was
introduced in 1984.

PCI SLOT
Peripheral
Component
Interconnect
Is a specification
that defines a 32-bit
data bus interface.
PCI is a standard
widely used by
expansion card
manufacturers.

AGP SLOT
Accelerated Graphics Port,
also called Advanced
Graphics Port
It is often shortened to AGP
it is a high-speed point-topoint channel for attaching a
graphics card to a
computer's motherboard,
primarily to assist in the
acceleration of 3D computer
graphics.
AGP controller is only
capable of controlling a
single device.

OTHER MOTHER BOARD SLOTS

AMR SLOT- Audio Modem Riser, Is a riser card that
supports sound or modem function.
ACR SLOT- Advance Communication Riser, this type of
slot is for communication and audio subsystem. The slot
supports modem, audio, LAN, and Home Phoneline
Networking Alliance (HPNA) or Home Networking cards.
CNR SLOT- Communications network riser, this connector
supports specially designed network, audio, or modem riser
cards, main processing is done through software and
controlled by themotherboards system chipset.

PCI - Express
PCI E- is a computer expansion
card interface format introduced
by Intel in 2004. It was designed
to replace the general purpose
PCI expansion bus.
PCIe 1.1 (the most common
version as of 2007) each lane
carries 250 MB/s.
PCIe 2.0 doubles the bus
standard's bandwidth from 2.5
Gbit/s to 5 Gbit/s, meaning a x32
connector can transfer data at up
to 16 GB/s in each direction.
PCI Express 3.0 will carry a bit
rate of 8 giga transfers per
second.

IDE CONTROLLER
Integrated Drive
Electronics, Parallel ATA
(PATA) is an interface
standard for the
connection of storage
devices such as hard disks,
solid-state drives, and CDROM drives in computers.
It uses the underlying AT
Attachment and AT
Attachment Packet
Interface (ATA/ATAPI)
standards

FDD CONTROLLER
Floppy Disk
Drive, an onboard
floppy drive
controller which
make yourFloppy
Disk
Driveoperational.

SATA CONTROLLER
Serial Advanced
Technology Attachment
is a computer bus
primarily designed for
transfer of data between
a computer and storage
devices (like hard disk
drives or optical drives).
SATA 1.5 Gbit/s
SATA 3.0 Gbit/s
SATA 6.0 Gbit/s

Types of Power Supply Terminal

Types of Power Supply Terminal

Types of Power Supply Terminal

These connectors are for power
supply, the power supply plugs are
designed to fit these connectors in
only one orientation.
AT / ATX
Auxiliary power

FRONT PANEL CONNECTOR /

SYSTEM PANEL CONNECTOR
This connector attaches the switches
and indicators.
Power switch (PWRSW) power-on
thesystem unit
Reset switch(RESET) Resets the
system unit
Power / System LED The system power
LED lights up when system is powered
up / Power indicator
Hard disk drive LED (HDDLED) The
HDD LED lights up(Blinks) during hard
disk activity.

INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) PORTS

I/O Ports are type of
interface which a peripheral
attaches to or communicates
with the system unit so the
peripheral can send data to
or receive information from
the computer.

Keyboard / mouse
Monitors, projector
Printers, flatbed scanner
External storage devices,
external modems
Headsets, microphones, game
pads

 PS2 PORT - Personal system 2, are based on IBM Micro Channel

Architecture, it is a 6-pin connector.This type of architecture
transfers data through a 16-bit or 32-bit bus.
Keyboard
Mouse

LPT PORT or PARALLEL PORT - Line Printer Port, This is a 25-pin

port that connects a parallel printer, a flatbed scanner and used
as a communication link for null modem cables.
SERIAL PORT or COM PORT - is a logical device name used by
to designate the computer serial ports. A 9-pin connector used by
pointing devices, modems, and infrared modules can be
connected to COM ports.

 USB PORT - Universal Serial Bus, a 4-pin serial cable bus that allows up
to 127 plug-n-play computer peripherals. This allows attaching or
detaching of peripherals while the host is in operation. Supports
synchronous and asynchronous transfer types over the same set of
wires up to 12Mbit/sec. USB 2.0 provides 40 times the transfer rate
compared to USB 1.0 and competes with the 1394 standard. As of today
we now have USB 3.0.
GAME/MIDI PORT - This connector supports a Joystick or a Game Pad
for playing games, and MIDI Devices for playing or editing audio files.
LAN PORT - Used for Networking
AUDIO/SOUND port - Used for sound output, Line inputs and
Microphone inputs

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