Utilities / GT Operation

Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas

Types of Water

Canal Water

Raw Water/Well Water

Drinking Water

Fire Water

Cooling Water

Boiler Feed Water (BFW)

Treated Water (TW)

Demineralized Water (DM)

Polished Water

Water at offsite
Parameters
(ppm)

Bad Canal Water

Good Canal Water

Well Water

7.5-7.8

7.6-7.9

7.6-7.9

380- 500

230-370

800-1000

140-180

100-130

188-220

84-108

68-85

100-120

56-72

32-45

88-100

130-180

90-115

235-260

50-130

30-45

100-120

20-50

10-20

40-55

6-13

4-8

17-20

1-3

1-3

0.1-0.3

500-1000

500-1000

500-1000

PH
Conductivity(us/cm
)
Total Hardness
Ca-Hardness
Mg
M-alkalinity
Sulphate
Chloride
silica
T-iron
TSS

Raw Water/Drinking water

Parameter

Range

Conductivity

300 ~ 1000

Total S.Solids

Nil

PH

7.0 ~ 8.5

Total D.Solids

200 ~ 800

Free Chlorine

0.2 ~ 1.0

T.Iron

0~2

Color

Colourless

Cooling Water
Cooling Water Supply ( CT-401 )

Parameter

Range
7.1 ~ 8.8
0.1 ~ 0.3
600 ~ 1000
0 ~ 40
0 ~ 250
400 ~ 700
0 ~ 585
1000-4000
0 ~ 3.0
0 ~ 40
2~6
100 ~ 200

pH
Free Chlorine
TH
Ammonia(ppm)
Chloride
Calcium Hardness
Sulphate
Conductivity
T.Iron
Nitrite
Orthophosphate
M. Alkalinity

Cooling Water Return ( CT-401 )

Parameter

Range

pH

7~8

Ammonia(ppm)
T.Iron

0 ~ 40
0~5

Treated Water
Treated Water ( TK-401 )
Chloride

Nil

TH

Nil

Silica
Sodium
Conductivity
pH

0 ~ 0.5
0~2
0 ~ 25
8.5 ~ 9.5

Boiler Feed Water

Sodium

0~2

pH

8.5 ~ 9.5

TH

Nil

Ammonia(ppm)

0 ~ 40

Silica

0 ~ 0.8

Conductivity

1 ~ 30

Demin Water
0 ~ 0.02

Chloride

Nil

TH
Silica

0 ~ 0.1

Sodium

0 ~ 0.7

Conductivity

0 ~ 10
6.0 ~ 7.0

pH

Polished Water
Nil

TH

0 ~ 0.02

Silica

0 ~ 0.2

Conductivity

6.0 ~ 8.0

pH

Jacket Water
Nitrite

600 ~ 900

Gas Turbine

Isothermal or Constant Temperature Process

In

isothermal expansion heat to be continuously added

to keep temperature at initial value.
In isothermal Compression heat to be continuously
removed to keep temperature at initial value.
Isothermal Flow Equation
PV = CONSTANT (For Perfect Gas)

ADIABETIC PROCESS
Adiabatic Process

In Adiabatic Process NO heat transfer To or From the fluid.

Adiabatic Process may be Reversible or Ir-reversible.
Adiabatic Process flow Equation

PV = CONSTANT

(= CP / CV)

For Reversible Adiabatic Process, Temperature/Pressure

relationship

(T2 / T1) = (P2 / P1)

(- 1)/

(For Perfect Gas)

Working cycle:
Brayton Cycle

Process 1-2:

Isentropic compression in the compressor

Process 2-3:

Addition of heat at constant pressure

Process 3-4:

Isentropic expansion of air

Process 4-1:

Rejection of heat at constant pressure

How does Gas Turbine works?

Gas turbine functions in the same way as the

Compressed Ignition Engine. It sucks in air from the
atmosphere, compresses it.

The fuel is injected and ignited. The gases expand

doing work and finally exhausts outside.

The only difference is instead of the reciprocating

motion, gas turbine uses a rotary motion
throughout.

The three main sections of the Gas Turbine

1.

Compressor

2.

Combuster

3.

Turbine

BASIC COMPONENTS

The compressor sucks the air from the atmosphere and

compresses it and guides it to the combustion chamber.

This is an annular chamber where the fuel burns and is similar

to the furnace in a boiler. The air from the compressor is the
Combustion air.

Stationary guide vanes of turbine direct the gases to the next

set of blades. The kinetic energy of the hot gases impacting on
the blades rotates the blades and the shaft.

ADVANTAGES OF GTEs

Weight reduction of 70%

Simplicity

Reduced manning requirements

Quicker response time

Faster Acceleration/deceleration

Cleaner and safer fuels

Less vibrations

More economical

Open Cycle Gas turbine

Fresh air is drawn into the

compressor from atmosphere.

Heat is added by combustion

of fuel.

Exhaust from turbine is

released in atmosphere.

Arrangement of continuous
replacement of working
medium is required.

Closed Cycle Gas turbine

In this , cycle is closed and

exhaust is not open to
atmosphere.

In this there is continuously

supply of same working gas.

Higher density gases like

hydrogen or carbon dioxide is
used.

So we get higher efficiency

then open cycle GT.

Applications
Turbojet engines
Marine field
Supercharging
Railway engines
Generation of electric power
Industry

Application in Aircraft

Nearly all the military aircrafts are powered by gas

turbine.
These are used for the higher generation of power in
plane.

As there is cut off the auxiliary engine gas turbine

gets started.
As the speed of the plane increases the compressor
gets rotated and compresses the air and that get
combusted in combustion chamber.
Then the exhaust gases are thrown out.

Working of Gas Turbine

GAS TURBINE COURSE

1.GAS TURBINE FUNDAMENTALS
2.GAS TURBINE COMPONENTS
3.LUBRICATION OIL SYSTEM
4.HYDRAULIC OIL SYSTEM
5.TRIP OIL SYSTEM
6.VARIABLE INLET GUIDE VANES, IGV
7.STARTING SYSTEM

GAS TURBINE COURSE

8. FUEL SYSTEM
9. COOLING & SEALING AIR SYSTEM
10.COOLING WATER SYSTEM
10.ATOMIZING AIR SYSTEM
11.FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
12.COMPRESSOR WATER WASHING
13.GAS TURBINE MAINTENANCE

Gas turbine Components

Gas turbine assembly consists of six major section or groups
1. Air inlet
2. Compressor
3. Combustion system
4. Turbine
5. Exhaust
6. Support system

Accessory Compartment
Several system involved in turbine operation located in this
section :
1. Starting Mean
2. Fuel System
3. Lubrication & Seal Oil System
4. Hydraulic System
5. Cooling Water System
6. Atomizing Air System

Major components - starting motor, torque converter &

accessory drive gear.


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