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SALTS
REVISION BY JAMES EZARD 10GP
For example, hydrochloric acid (HCl) produces H+ ions and Cl- ions in water.
For example, potassium hydroxide (KOH) produces K+ ions and OH- ions in water.
So H+ ions make solutions acidic and OH- ions make them alkaline.
THE PH SCALE
On the pH scale, 7 is neutral, <7 is acidic and >7 is alkaline.
BASES
STATE SYMBOLS
NEUTRALISATION REACTIONS
When we react an acid and a base, a neutralisation reaction occurs.
Here is the equation for a neutralisation reaction = Acid + Base = Salt + Water.
The salt is formed from the other ions in the acid and base.
The symbol equation for this reaction; 2HCl(aq) + CuO(aq) = CuCl(aq) + HO(l)
H+ ions are made of one atom of hydrogen which has lost 1 electron so it is
positively charged.
OH- ions are made of one molecule of hydrogen and water covalently bonded
together, which have gained 1 electron and therefore are negatively charged.
INDICATORS
An indicator is just a dye that changes colour depending on whether the solution is
above or below a certain pH.
Universal Indicator (UI) is a combination of dyes which gives the colours shown
below.
UI is very useful for estimating the pH of a solution (pH 7, green, is neutral).
Insoluble
All nitrates
No insoluble nitrates
Most sulfates
Most chlorides
Most bromides
Most iodides
Add 2 drops of Universal Indicator (so we know what the pH of the solution is)
Slowly add drops of hydrochloric acid until neutral (the solution will turn green due to the
presence of the UI)
Add activated carbon with a spatula (in excess) and stir with a glass rod until the solution is
colourless (this removes the UI so pure crystals of sodium chloride can be formed)
Evaporate with a methane burner and leave to crystallise on its own (to gain pure crystals)
This produces crystals of the soluble salt sodium chloride (note that water is also produced in
this reaction)
Pick the right acid, plus a metal or insoluble base to produce to produce the soluble salt
you want.
For example, mix hydrochloric acid and copper oxide to make copper chloride.
You know when all the acid has been used up as the metal or insoluble base will sink to
bottom of the flask.
Filter out the excess metal, metal oxide or metal hydroxide to get the salt solution.
Crystallise like before using evaporation to gain pure crystals of the soluble salt.
For example, to make lead chloride mix lead nitrate solution and sodium chloride solution.
Once the salt has precipitated out (and is lying at the bottom of the flask), all you need to
do is filter it from the solution, wash it and then dry it on filter paper.
This method gives you a pure precipitate of your insoluble salt (e.g. lead chloride).
AMMONIUM AS A FERTILISER
Ammonia dissolves in water (is soluble) wo make an alkaline solution.
Then, to get a neutral salt, ammonium nitrate, you can react it with nitric acid.
This is a neutralisation reaction although no water is produced, just the salt.
It contains a high proportion of nitrogen (from two sources) which plants need to make
proteins.
The more reactive the metal, the faster the reaction will go very reactive metals react
explosively.
Copper does not react with dilute acids at all as it is less reactive than hydrogen.
The speed of the reaction (rate of reaction) is determined by how quickly bubbles are
given off (hydrogen).
The hydrogens presence is confirmed by the squeaky pop test (using a burning splint).
The name of the salt produces depends on the metal and acid used.
2HCl + Mg = MgCl + H
HSO + Mg = MgSO + H
Nitric Acid produces Nitrate salts when neutralised but it can produce nitrogen
oxides instead.