WELCOME

Performance
Testing of
Diesel Engine
using Jatropha
as a Biodiesel

What is Biodiesel?
Biodiesel

is defined as mono
alkyl esters of long chain fatty
acids derived from vegetable or
animal fats.

Biodiesel
Fuel made from renewable oil crops such as

soybeans, Jatropha, and sunflowers.

Can also be made from recycled vegetable
oils and animal fats (restaurant grease)
Can be used in any diesel engine just like
petroleum diesel.

Why Biodiesel?
Limited stock of Petroleum

Products.
Increased prices of Petroleum
Products.
Pollution Control.

Why Biodiesel?
Year

Diesel demand in
million tons.

04-05
05-06
06-07

46.97
49.56
52.23

Production Process
Direct acid catalyzed esterification of the oil

with methanol.
Conversion of the oil to fatty acids, and then
to Alkyl esters with acid catalyst.
Base catalyzed transesterification of the oil
with alcohol.

Chemical Reaction

Jatropha Photographs

Jatropha

It is small evergreen soft wooded tree.

Reaching to heights of 2-3 m.
It has leaves with 3-5 lobes & has small
flowers which are yellowish green in colors.
The fruit is in a capsule form with single
black seed.
The seed is of size of peanut with hard shell.

Jatropha Oil
Jatropha, a non edible oil, has real potential as

a bio-fuel in India in near future.

Jatropha oil which is colorless & odorless
when fresh.
The seed contains 30-40% of oil.

Plantation Technique
The

plant can be cultivated both by seeds

as well as cuttings. The fruiting season is
October-December & seeds are collected
during fruiting season.
Spacing In Jatropha Plantation
3m x 3m
Size of pits for plantation:
1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5

Plantation Technique
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

minimum rainfall.
SOIL.

soft, rocky, sloping soils along a mountain.

MAINTENANCE OF SOIL.

remove stones, add urea.

MAINTENANCE OF PLANTS.

very important to cut the tree in time and keep it in proper

shape.
WATER MANAGEMENT.

Timetable for poorer soils is every 5 to 6 days, medium soils

7 to 10 days

Post Plantation Activities

PLUCKING OF FRUITS
Plucking time is generally at the end of December or
beginning of January

STORAGE AND PACKING

Seeds are sorted as good, medium and poor quality.
Good seeds are used for plantation while others are used
for extracting oil.Stored in sealed boxes or plastic sacks.

EXTRACTION OF OIL
screw type oil expeller, Ghana.

Year-wise objective of Management of

Jatropha Plantation
1st Yr.: Planting & cutting back, no seed

production expected
2nd Yr.: Maintenance, protection, no seed
production expected.
3rd Yr.: Period allowed for establishment &
growth of plants, minimum seed production
expected.
4th Yr.: Plant expected to be ready to produce
seed commercially.

Inputs
Unit

rate

total

LAND

1 htr

Plant material
and overheads

2,500.00

5.00

12,500.00

Fertilizer
2,870.00 2,870.00 2,870.00
Labour & others 300.00
50.00
6,000.00
Irrigation
3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00
TOTAL :

24,370.00

Output--12.5Mt/Ha--Rs5000/MT--Rs72500/Ha

Uses of Jatropha Plant

Whole plant
Planted to prevent
soil erosion and
for water
conservation

Promising live
fence

Useful as green
manure

Roots

Used as medicine

Leaves

Seeds

Used as medicine

Source of oil
(30-40%)
suitable as fuel
for diesel
engine

Dye preparation

Useful as
lubricant, in
soap and
candle making

Useful as botanical
applications

Used as
medicine both
internally and
externally

Social Applications
Promotion of Women
Improvement of the working conditions of women
(grain-mills) and income (soap production) through
utilization of the Jatropha plant.

Erosion Control
Erosion control through planting of Jatropha and
stabilizing small dams

Poverty Reduction
Creation of income in rural areas through use of
Jatropha oil as fuel and as raw material for soap
production

Renewable Energy
Production und use of Jatropha oil as fuel in
stationary engines

What is a Biodiesel blend?

B20:

B20 is a biodiesel blend

composed of 20% biodiesel and 80%
petroleum diesel fuel.
B100: B100 is biodiesel in its pure
form without being mixed with
petroleum diesel.

Blending

Performance
Testing

Specifications of Diesel Engine

Engine Make

Bajaj Tempo

Model

OM 616

Cylinder arrangement

Vertical Inline

No. of cylinders

Cylinder Bore

Dia. 90.9mm

Piston Stroke

92.4mm

Displacement

2399cc

Compression Ratio

21:1

Operation

4-stroke

Firing order

1-3-4-2

Power Rating

35 H.P. @ 2000rpm

Cooling

Water cooled type

OBSERVATIONS
OBSERVATION TABLE FOR 100 % DIESEL
Load
In
Kg
X10

Speed
in rpm

9.6

TEMPERATURES

Time to
consume
100cc fuel
In seconds

Water height in mm
Engine
Ltr/hr

Calorimeter
Ltr/hr

t1
X20
(Inlet
to
Cal.)

t2
X20
(out
Cal)

t3
t4
X20 X20
(in. (Out
Eng) Eng)

t5
X200
(in
eng
gas)

t6
X200
(Out
eng
gas)

2000

1.35

2.04

1.35

1.99

0.99

0.72

96

900

175

17

2000

1.39

2.21

1.39

2.35

1.34

0.94

70

890

160

26.5

2000

1.43

2.43

1.43

2.91

1.89

1.26

48

870

150

30

2000

1.48

2.54

1.48

3.36

2.14

1.41

44

800

145

Performance
100 % DIESEL
Load
in Kg

Brake
Power
Kw

Brake
Thermal
Efficiency

Torque
Brake
N-m
Specific Fuel
Consumption
Kg/Kwh

9.6

7.16

16.66

1.83

0.486

17

12.68

24.01

3.63

0.336

26.5

19.76

25.67

5.66

0.318

30

22.38

26.64

6.41

0.306

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR 20%JATROPHA+80%DIESEL

Load
In
Kg
X10

Speed
in
rpm

TEMPERATURES

8.7

2000

1.36

2.01

17.7

2000

1.38

26

2000

29.3

2000

t1
X20

t2
X20

t3
X20

t4
X20

t5
X200

t6
X200

1.36

1.93

0.98

0.70

2.15

1.38

2.29

1.34

1.42

2.38

1.42

2.93

1.46

2.51

1.46

3.19

Time to
consume 100cc
fuel
In seconds

Water height in mm

Engine
Ltr/hr

Calorimeter
Ltr/hr

96

900

175

0.94

67

910

165

1.90

1.29

50

920

160

2.12

1.43

44

900

155

Performance 20%JATROPHA+80%DIESEL
Load
in Kg

Brake
Power
Kw

Brake Thermal
Efficiency

Torque
N-m

Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumption
Kg/Kwh

8.7

6.49

17.71

1.85

0.492

17.7

13.20

26.15

3.782

0.348

26

19.39

27.56

5.55

0.318

29.3

21.85

27.06

6.198

0.318

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR 35%JATROPHA+65%DIESEL

Load
In
Kg
X10

Speed
in
rpm

TEMPERATURES

2000

1.31

1.94

18

2000

1.33

27

2000

29.6

2000

t1
X20

t2
X20

t3
X20

T4
X20

t5
X200

t6
X200

1.31

1.84

0.94

0.67

2.10

1.33

2.21

1.30

1.35

2.30

1.35

2.73

1.40

2.44

1.40

3.13

Time to
consume 100cc
fuel
In seconds

Water height in mm

Engine
Ltr/hr

Calorimeter
Ltr/hr

93

900

175

0.91

69

910

160

1.83

1.25

49

895

155

2.06

1.41

44

895

155

Performance 35%JATROPHA+65%DIESEL
Load
in Kg

Brake Power
Kw

Brake Thermal
Efficiency

Torque
N-m

Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumption

6.71

17.90

1.92

0.498

18

13.42

26.57

3.85

0.336

27

20.14

28.30

5.77

0.312

29.6

22.08

27.56

6.33

0.318

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR 50%JATROPHA+50%DIESEL

Load
In
Kg
X10

Speed
in
rpm

TEMPERATURES

2000

1.29

1.93

18

2000

1.32

26.3

2000

29.2

2000

t1
X20

t2
X20

t3
X20

t4
X20

t5
X200

t6
X200

1.29

1.83

0.96

0.69

2.12

1.32

2.28

1.35

1.34

2.27

1.34

2.78

1.37

2.42

1.37

3.35

Time to
consume 100cc
fuel
In seconds

Water height in mm

Engine
Ltr/hr

Calorimeter
Ltr/hr

89

900

175

0.95

64

900

155

1.78

1.23

49

900

145

2.04

1.40

45

900

130

Performance 50%JATROPHA+50%DIESEL
Load

Brake
Power

Brake Thermal
Efficiency

Torque

Brake Specific
Fuel
Consumption

6.71

17.27

1.92

0.522

18

13.42

24.83

3.84

0.366

26.3

19.61

27.78

5.62

0.324

29.2

21.78

28.32

6.24

0.319

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR 75%JATROPHA+25%DIESEL

Load
In
Kg
X10

Speed
in
rpm

TEMPERATURES

2000

1.39

2.11

18

2000

1.41

26.5

2000

28.5

2000

t1
X20

t2
X20

t3
X20

t4
X20

t5
X200

t6
X200

1.39

1.91

0.97

0.70

2.29

1.41

2.35

1.35

1.44

2.52

1.44

2.94

1.46

2.60

1.46

3.15

Time to
consume 100cc
fuel
In seconds

Water height in mm

Engine
Ltr/hr

Calorimeter
Ltr/hr

91

900

175

0.96

64

830

155

1.88

1.31

45

820

150

2.02

1.40

44

810

145

Performance 75%JATROPHA+25%DIESEL
Load

Brake Power

Brake
Thermal
Efficiency

Torque

Brake
Specific Fuel
Consumption

6.71

18.22

1.92

0.516

18

13.42

25.63

3.85

0.37

26.5

19.76

26.53

5.66

0.354

28.5

21.26

27.90

6.09

0.34

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR 100% JATROPHA

Load Speed
In
in
Kg
rpm
X10

TEMPERATURES
t1
X20

t2
X20

t3
X20

t4
X20

t5
X200

t6
X200

Time to
consume
100cc fuel
In seconds

Water height in mm
Engine
Ltr/hr

Calorimete
r
Ltr/hr

2000

1.34

1.98

1.34

1.98

0.97

0.70

88

900

175

17.7

2000

1.35

2.10

1.35

2.21

1.30

0.92

64

890

150

26

2000

1.37

2.27

1.37

2.76

1.78

1.24

48

890

145

28.3

2000

1.40

2.38

1.40

3.14

1.96

1.36

43

900

140

Performance
100 % Jatropha
Load

Brake Power

Brake
Thermal
Efficiency

Torque

Brake Specific
Fuel
Consumption

6.71

17.086

1.92

0.54

17.7

13.20

24.43

3.78

0.378

26

19.39

26.92

5.55

0.342

28.3

21.11

26.25

6.04

0.348

Performance
Curves

Comparison between 100 % Diesel and 100 % Jatropha

Load Vs BSFC

CONCLUSION
From the graph it is clear that as the
load increases the bsfc for the diesel
decreases but for Jatropha it increases
at full load.

Load Vs

Bth

CONCLUSION
From the graph it is clear that the load
increases, the brake thermal efficiency
increases for both diesel and Jatropha but
for full load Bth decreases for Jatropha.

Load Vs Torque

CONCLUSION
From the graph it is clear that torque
increases with load for both Diesel and
Jatropha but for full load the torque slightly
less for Jatropha

Smoke Measurement with different

Percentage Of Diesel and Jatropha Oil
% Fuel Used

Average Smoke Density

(Kavg)

100 % Diesel

1.98

20% Jatropha +80 % Diesel

0.48

35% Jatropha + 65 % Diesel

0.45

50 % Jatropha + 50 % Diesel

0.43

75% Jatropha + 25 % Diesel

0.42

100 % Jatropha

0.35

Smoke Measurement Curve

CONCLUSION
From the graph it is clear that
the
smoke
emissions
are
negligible for 100% Jatropha,
as compared to 100% Diesel

Precautions
FiltersJatropha oil isn't only clean but also it is a
good cleaner.
Jatropha oil will free up the rust, and it
could clog the filter inside the tank.

Timing
Retard the injection timing by 2-3
degrees -- this overcomes the effect of
Biodiesels lower cetane number.
Engine runs smoothly and the fuel burns
completely, reducing NOx emissions.

Rubber
Rubber parts in the fuel system may
corrode with biodiesel, especially 100%
biodiesel (B100).

RESEARCH WORK ON JATROPHA

Field Trials of Biodiesel

Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) began to take

field trials of running buses on Biodiesel in
January 2004.
Planning commission has asked states to
grow more of Jatropha on wasteland and semi
rain fed areas.

Some more applications

Its oil is used as an external application for

skin diseases.
Leaf juice is used as an external application
for piles.
The oil is used as growth stimulant to hair.

Final Conclusion
From above report we can
conclude that Jatropha oil can be
used as a alternative fuel for Diesel
engine with a few modifications, if
required
e.g.
rubber
part
replacement, injection timing, filter
inspection.

THANK
YOU