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ELECTRIC CURRENT
AND DIRECTCURRENT CIRCUITS
Fe
Area, A
Current, I
electron
flow
dQ
I
dt
or
instantaneous current
Q
I
t
average current
1 coulomb
1
1 ampere
1C s
1 second
Note:
If the charge move around a circuit in the same direction
at all times, the current is called direct current (dc), which is
produced by the battery.
difference is
by means of a
set up in the
force on the
Example
There is a current of 0.5 A in a flashlight bulb for 2 min.
How much charge passes through the bulb during this
time ?
Solution
Given : I = 0.5 A , t = 2 min = 120 s
From:
Q I t 0.5 (120) 60 C
Follow Up Exercise
A silver wire carries a current of 3.0 A. Determine
a) the number of electrons per second pass through the
wire,
b) the amount of charge flows through a cross-sectional
area of the wire in 55 s.
(Given charge of electron, e= 1.60 1019 C)
Answer : (a) 1.881019 electrons per second; (b) 165 C
V I
V IR
where V : potential difference (voltage)
I : current flow through
R : Resistance of the conductor
V (V)
Gradient,
m=R
0
I (A)
3.2.2 Resistance ( R )
-- is a property which opposes or limits current in an
electrical circuit.
Analogue
to
V
R
I
where
I : current
RUN ANIMATION!
3.2.3 Resistivity ( )
is defined as the resistance of a unit cross-sectional
area per unit length of the material.
Mathematically,
RA
(l)
where R : resistance
l : length of the material
(A)
RUN ANIMATION!
Resistivity, ( m)
Silver
1.59 108
Copper
1.68 108
Aluminum
2.82 108
Gold
2.44 108
Glass
10101014
Example
A constantan wire of length 1.0m and cross sectional
area of 0.5 mm2 has a resistivity of 4.9 x 107 m. Find
the resistance of the wire.
Solution
Given: L = 1.0 m , A = 0.5 mm2 = 0.5 x 106 m2
= 4.9 x 107 m
Using:
L
R
A
4.9 107 (1.0)
0.5 106
R 0.98
Example
Two wires P and Q with circular cross section are
made of the same metal and have equal length. If the
resistance of wire P is three times greater than that of
wire Q, determine the ratio of their diameters.
Solution :
Given : same metal : P Q ; same length: lP lQ
From:
RP 3RQ
Q l Q
P l P
3
AP
AQ
d 2
Knowing that : A
4
4 QlQ
dQ 2
4 PlP
3
2
2
2
d P
dP
d Q
dQ
dP
Superconductor
In superconductor, as the temperature decreases, the
resistance (or resistivity) at first decreases smoothly, like that
of any metal.
But then, at a certain critical temperature Tc , the
resistance (or resistivity) suddenly drops to zero.
Table shows the critical temperature for various
superconductors.
Material
Tc(K)
Lead
7.18
Mercury
4.15
Tin
3.72
Aluminum
1.19
Zinc
0.88
O 1 T TO
where
To
= reference temperature(0 C or 20 C)
= final temperature
R RO 1 T TO
Various material have various values of .
For example :
Example
A platinum wire has a resistance of 0.5 at 0C. It is
placed in a water bath where its resistance rises to a final
value of 0.6 . What is the temperature of the bath ?
Solution
From:
R Ro [ 1 (T To ) ]
R Ro Ro (T To )
Ro (T To ) R Ro
0.6 0.5
R Ro
T
To
0
3
Ro
0.5(3.93 10 )
T 50.89 C
Figure a
Figure b
R
I
Battery (cell)
Mathematically,
I R r
But V = IR , so :
V Ir
where
: e.m.f.
I : current flows through the circuit
R : total external resistance
r : internal resistance of a cell (battery)
V : terminal potential difference (voltage)
Example
A battery has an e.m.f. of 12 V and an internal
resistance of 0.05 . Its terminals are connected to a
load resistance of 3 .
Find the current in the circuit & the terminal voltage of
the battery.
Solution
Using :
I RI r
12
I
(R r)
3 0.05
I 3.93A
V IR
3.93(3)
V 11.8 V
Another alternative :
Using :
V I r
V I r
12 3.93(0.05)
V 11.8 V
FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
(1) A battery of e.m.f 3.0 V and internal resistance 5.0 is
connected to a switch by a wire of resistance 100 . The
voltage across the battery is measured by a voltmeter.
What is the voltmeter reading when the switch is
a.
off ? b. on ?
ANS : (a) 3V, (b) 2.86 V
(2) An idealized voltmeter is
connected across the terminals
of a battery while the current is
varied. Figure shows a graph of
the voltmeter reading V as a
function of the current I
through the battery.
Find (a)the emf, and (b) the
internal resistance of the
battery
ANS : (a) 9V, 4,5
W QV
But Q = It , so :
W VIt
(1)
W I Rt L (2)
2
Vt
W
L (3)
R
W VIt
P
t
t
P IV
V IR
then the electrical power can be written as
2
PI R
OR
V
P
R
FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
1.
ANS. : 37.78 C
a. A battery of emf 6.0 V is connected across a 10
resistor.
If the potential difference across the resistor is 5.0
V, determine
i. the current in the circuit,
ii. the internal resistance of the battery.
b. When a 1.5 V dry cell is short-circuited, a current of 3.0 A
flows through the cell. What is the internal resistance of
the cell?
ANS. : 0.50 A, 2.0 ; 0.50
2.
3.
I I1 I 2 I 3
V V1 V2 V3
V IR1 IR 2 IR 3 (1)
To replace the resistors by one resistor which has an
equivalent resistance, RE & maintain the same current,
we have :
V IRE L (2)
Substitute (2) into (1) :
IRE IR1 IR 2 IR 3
RE R1 R 2 R 3
Extending this result to the case of n resistors connected
in series combination:
RE R1 R 2 R 3 ... Rn
where RE is the effective (equivalent) resistance
V V1 V2 V3
Current divides into different path at the junction.
I I1 I 2 I 3
V V V
I
(1)
R1 R 2 R 3
V
I
L (2)
RE
V V V V
RE R 1 R 2 R 3
Canceling the common Vs , we get :
1
1 1 1
RE R 1 R 2 R 3
1
1 1 1
1
...
RE R1 R 2 R 3
Rn
Example
What is the equivalent resistance of the resistors in
figure below ?
R2
R4
R3
R1
A
B
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 1
Solution
Another view of the circuit :
A
R2
R4
R3
1
1 1
1 1
2
R 34 R 3 R 4 1 1
R1
1
R 34
2
R1
1 3
1
2 2
R234
1
1
1
1 2 5
RE R1 R 234 1 3 3
R1
3
RE
5
Example
Find the current in & voltage of the 10 resistor shown
in Figure.
R1
R3
R2
Solution
1st, find the RE for the circuit & get the current, I flow in
the circuit
1
1 1 1 1 6
Rp R1 R 2 10 2 10
Rp 1.67
RE R 3 R p
1.67 5.0
RE 6.67
V 18 2.7 A
I
RE 6.67
As R3 & R1 in series combination
V V 3 V 1
V 1 V IR 3 18 2.7(5)
V 1 4.5 V
V 1 4.5
0.45 A
I1
R1
10
FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
(1)
(2)
4.0
12
2.0
8.0 V
For the circuit above, calculate
a. the effective resistance of the circuit,
b. the current passes through the 12 resistor,
c. the potential difference across 4.0 resistor,
d. the power delivered by the battery.
The internal resistance of the battery may be ignored.
ANS : (a) 1.28 ; (b) 0.50A (c) 2 V ; (d) 36 W
A statement of
conservation
of electric
charge
in
out
Example:
I2
I3
I1
I1 I 2 I 3
I3
I2
I1
I 3 I 2 I1
IR
Sign convention for & IR ( voltage drop )
direction of loop
direction of loop
direction of loop
direction of loop
R
I
IR
R
I
IR
Example
8.50
11.5 V, 2
15.0 V, 4
6.22
15.1
Solution :
8.50
11.5 V, 2 I
I
15.0 V, 4
Loop 1
6.22
15.1
By applying the Kirchhoffs 2nd law, thus
IR
15.0 11.5 15.1I 6.22 I 2 I 8.50 I 4 I
I 0.74 A
(anticlockwise)
Example
12V
D
1
I 1 1A
3
I 2 2A
Solution
Consider Junction B & apply the Kirchhoffs 1st law :
I1
I
I2
Iin Iout
I I 1 I 2 1 2
I 3A
IR
12 IR I 2(3)
12 3R 2(3)
R2
IR
I 1(1) I 2(3)
1 6
5 V
5 V
* The ve sign shows that the polarity of is
actually the reverse of that shown in
figure.
* If the value of current is ve, this shows
that the actual direction of current flow is
reverse of that shown in figure.
Example
Solution
a
Loop 1
Loop 2
At Junction c :
Iin Iout
I 1 I 2 I 3 (1)
IR
30 10 I 1 10 I 2 20 I 1 10 I 1
30 40 I 1 10 I 2 (2)
Refer Loop 2 ( cefdc clockwise )
IR
20 10 10 I 3 20 I 3 10 I 3 10 I 2
10 40 I 3 10 I 2 (3)
30 40( I 2 I 3) 10 I 2
30 50 I 2 40 I 3 (4)
Solve (3) & (4) simultaneously :
(3) (4) :
10 40 I 3 10 I 2 (3)
30 50 I 2 40 I 3 (4)
-------------------------------------------------
20 60 I 2
I 0.3333A
2
I 3 0.3333A
I 1 0.6666A
FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
6.7
3.9
(1)
1.2
12 V
I1
9.8
9.0 V
I2
(2)
(3) Battery P with e.m.f 1.3 V and internal resistance 2 , battery Q with e.m.f 1.5
V and internal resistance 0.8 and a 4 resistor are connected in parallel.
(i) Sketch the circuit diagram.
(ii) Calculate the current in battery P, battery Q, and the 4 resistor.
(iii) Calculate the potential difference across the 4 resistor.
Ans : (ii) 0.297A; 0.0186 A; 0.316 A; (iii) 1.26 V
(4) Refering to the circuit in Figure below, calculate
(a)The current, I that flows in R resistor.
(b)The resistance of R resistor.
(c)The value of emf
(d)The current that flows in R resistance if the circuit is cut off at point x.
(Internal resistance of the emf source is negligible).
(5)
Voltage source, Vo
R1
R2
V1
-- 2 resistors R1 & R2 are connected to a voltage source
( battery ) with voltage Vo
Vo IRE
where RE R1 R 2
Vo
I
K (1)
( R1 R 2 )
-- the current through R1 & R2 are same.
From : V 1 IR1
Substitute (1) into the equation:
R1
V1
Vo
( R1 R 2 )
Similarly:
R2
V2
Vo
( R1 R 2 )
Example
8000
12 V
4000
Vout
Vout
R2
V
R1 R2
Vout
Vout
12 V
4000
12
8000 4000
4 .0 V
1
1
1
Req 2000
Vout
Vout
2000
12
8000 2000
2 .4 V
I
A
I
I
G
+V -
Jockey
(Unknown voltage)
The potentiometer is balanced when the jockey (sliding contact)
is at such a position on wire AB that there is no current
through the galvanometer. Thus
Galvanometer reading = 0
When the potentiometer in balanced, the unknown
voltage (potential difference being measured) is
equal to the voltage across AC.
V
Vx VAC
I
I
Vx-
I
A
l1
l2
C
1
(1)
(2)
I
B
1 VAC
where
VAC IRAC
then
and
l1
RAC
A
l1
1 I
A
C D
(1)
J
(1)
SG
(2)
o After that, the switch S is connected to the terminal (2) and the
jockey moved until the emf 2 balances the p.d. from the
accumulator at point D. Hence
2 VAD
where
VAD IRAD
then
and
l2
RAD
A
l2
2 I
(2)
I
B
l1
I
1
A
2
l2
I
A
Since
1
l1
2 l2
l1
R
Rl
A
1
R1
2
R2
Example
Consider a potentiometer. If a standard battery with an
e.m.f. of 1.0186 V is used in the circuit. When the
resistance is 36 , the galvanometer reads zero. If the
standard battery is replaced by an unknown e.m.f. the
galvanometer reads zero when the resistance is
adjusted to 48 . What is the value of the unknown
e.m.f. ?
Solution
1
R1
2
R2
1.0186 36
2
48
Using :
2 1.358 V
FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
1.
R1
Q
2
P
G
R2
S1
S2
Figure 1
ANS. : (a) 0.50 V; (b) 7.5 ;
2.
Figure 2
a. the potential difference across OY when OY = 75.0 cm,
b. the potential difference across OY when Y touches S and the
galvanometer is balanced,
c. the internal resistance of the cell A,
d. the emf of cell A.
I
I1
A
I2
R1
C I1
R2
G 0
R3
D I2
I
B
Rx
I 1 R1 I 2 R 3 (1)
I 1 R 2 I 2 RX (2)
(2)
:
(1)
Rx
R2
R3
R1
Example
A wheatstone bridge is used to make a precise
measurement of the resistance of a wire connector. If
R = 1 k & the bridge is balanced by adjusting P such
that P = 2.5 Q, what is the value of X ?
R1
R2
R3
RX
Solution
Using : RX
R2
R3 R1
X 1103
Q 2.5Q
X 400
FOLLOW UP EXERCISE
1.
ANS. :
7.50
Thick copper
strip
(Unknown
Rx resistance)
(resistance box)
I1
I1
Jockey
FOLLOW0UP
GEXERCISE
l1
I
Wire of uniform
resistance
I2
l2
Accumulator
I1 R
AJ
I 2 RJB
where
l1
Rx A
R l2
l1
Rx
l2
RAJ
I 2 RJB
l1
l2
and RJB
A
A
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 4 :
Magnetic field