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 ] ]



Static Electricity Current Electricity

Electric Charge Current Electric Electric

Resistance Circuit Power &
Voltage Energy

Positive Electroscope Conductor Law of Charges

Negative Semiconductor Coulombs Law of
Power Source/supply Series
Superconductor Electrostatics
Conductors Parallel
Insulator
Load
Electric Field Controlling Device/Switch

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 ]
 
- came from the word electron which means
³amber´. It is the most useful form of energy.
It can easily convert or transform one energy
to another energy.

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 ÆThales of Miletus(600 B.C.)
-found out that ³amber´ ± a
fossilized resin material used in
jewelry ± when rubbed with fur,
had an interesting ability to
attract like materials such as
straws and feathers. He defined
this as a strange behavior.

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 Æ • 
 
 

 published a
pioneering work entitled
²
 
where he
pointed out that aside
from amber, many other
substances, when rubbed
together, also possessed a
similar property. Rubbing is
the most common way of
charging an object. He
named it ELECTRICITY.

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 .tatic Electricity

.
  refers to

the build up of electric charge on the
surface of objects. The static charges
remain on an object until they either
bleed off to ground or are quickly
neutralized by a discharge.

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 ]
 

m


 
 
is a measure of the
amount of electrical charge transferred
per unit time. It represents the flow of
electrons through a conductive material.

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 ]



They arise from particles of atoms. The
charges of these particles contribute to the
overall charge of any object that contains them.
They can be designated as positive, negative or
zero and they are found on the elementary
particles that make up all known matter.
Particles with electric charge interact with each
other through the 
  
,
creating electric fields, and when they are in
motion, magnetic fields.

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 Positive Charges
Deficiency of Electrons.

Negative Charges
Surplus of Electrons.

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 Electroscope
Is an apparatus for detecting
an electric charge, typically
consisting of a rod holding two
gold foils that separate when a
charge is applied.

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 monductor
a substance, body, or system
that conducts electricity, heat,
etc.
Superconductor
a material which has no
resistance to electricity. When
passing current through a
superconductor, there is no loss of
electrical power due to these
materials.
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Semiconductor
a substance, that has an
electrical conductivity that
increases with temperature and is
intermediate between that of a
metal and an insulator The
behavior may be exhibited by the
pure substance or as a result of
impurities.
Insulator
 a substance that blocks or
retards the flow of electric current
or heat. An insulator is a poor
conductor because it has a high
resistance to such flow.





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 Ex. of conductors

aluminum iron

copper

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 ] . of Insulators

plastic leather

rubber

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 ] . of Superconductors

bullet train

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 ] . of Semiconductors

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 Vaw of mharges

States that unlike charges attract each

other while like charges repel.

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 ]
 
States that the force (f) between two
charged spheres was inversely proportional to
the square of the distance (R) between them
constant.
electric force
electric constant
k = 9 10^9 NM^2/c^2
µe = kq1q2
R2 charges
distance

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 Electric Field
It is the region around the electric
charges.

positive negative

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Omega
Ýnit Ampere(A) ohm(ƺ)
Volts(v)
Equivalent Coulomb Volts Joules
unit Second Ampere Coulomb
I= charge R= voltage V= work
Formula
time current charge
Ammeter Ohmmeter Voltmeter
Instrument (connected in series) (connected in parallel) (connected in parallel

opposition offered energy that a

 rate of flow of by any object to power source
Definition electron in a the passage of an gives to the
electric current
circuit through it electrons

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 Sample Problems:
1. How much current flows through a lamp with resistance 90 ȍ
when it is connected to a 220 v outlet?

Given: R= 90 ȍ I= V
V= 220 v R

= 220v
µind: I= ?
90 ȍ

M



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 2. An electro motive force(emf) source of 6.0 v is connected to a
purely reflective lamp and a current of 2.0 A flows. All the
wire¶s are resistance free. What is the resistance of the lamp

Given: V= 6.0 v R= V
I = 2.0 I
A

µind: R=? = 6.0 v

2.0A

6 


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 Laws of Resistance
Æ Law of Length (ŃL=ŃR , ŅL=ŅR)
 directly proportional to
resistance
Æ Law of Diameter (3 =ĻR , Ļ =3R)
- inversely proportional to
resistance

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 Æ Law of Nature of the Material
 depends on what is it made up
off

Æ Law of Temperature (ŃT=ŃR , ŅT=ŅR)

 directly proportional to resistance

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 V Types of Current
Æ irect murrent
- is electrical current which comes from a
battery which supply a constant flow of electricity
in one direction.

Æ Alternating murrent
- which comes from a generator. As the
electromagnet is rotated in the permanent
magnet the direction of the current alternates
once for every revolution.

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 9 

Composed of chemical
substances which can
generate voltage and can
be used in a circuit.

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 V Types of Battery
Æ ry mell
A Ì  has the electrolyte immobilized as
a paste, with only enough moisture in the paste
to allow current to flow.

Æ Wet mell
A (  battery is a device that creates
electrical energy by means of chemical
reactions.

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 ~hms Vaw

ÆGeorg Simon ~hm (A German Physician)

ÆStates that current is directly proportional to the

voltage and inversely proportional to the
resistance.

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 ]lectric mircuit

-it is a conducting loop in which a current

can transfer electric energy from a suitable
source to a useful load.

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 2 Kinds of ]lectric mircuit

1. ~pen mircuit

- is one in which the pathway of the

electrical current is broken. A switch is a
device in the circuit in which the circuit can
be closed (turned on) or open (turned off).

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 2. mlose mircuit

- is one in which the pathway of the electrical

current is complete and unbroken.

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 momponents of a Simple mircuit
battery

switch

terminal

bulb
mopper wire

]lectron flow

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 monventional murrent
- describes positive charges moving from
the positive terminal (+) to the negative
terminal (-)

]lectron murrent
- describes the negative charges (-) moving
from the negative terminal (-) to the positive
terminal (+)

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 mommon ]lectrical Symbols
wire
resistor
light bulb
battery
fuse
switch

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 mommon ]lectrical Problems
1. ~verloading
- e cessive current in the circuit.
2. Short mircuit
- when two bare wires touch each other
resulting in the production of a very large
current in the circuit.
3. Grounding
- electric current passes through the body.

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 µuse
-consists at a thin piece wire which melts
to breaks when a large current in it.

mircuit Breaker
- Is a switch which automatically switches
off when there is an e cessive current in
the circuit

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 Types of ]lectric mircuits
1. Series
- an electric circuit which several
components arranged and allow current
flow through one single path.
2. Parallel
- an electric circuit which two or more
component connected across two
common points to allow separate
conduction paths.
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 3. Network
- a comple circuit where in the parts are
arranged in a combination of both series
and parallel, and the different
electromotive force.

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 Rules for
Series Parallel
Resistance

murrent IT=I1=I2=I3=««I10 IT=I1+I2+I3+««I10

VT=V1+V2+V3+«
Voltage VT=V1=V2=V3=««V10
«V10

RT=R1+R2+R3+ 1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+««1
Resistance
««R10 /R10

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 Sample Problems:
1. The refrigerator, TV set, radio, flat iron, and electric stove have
a resistance of 20ȍ, 10ȍ, 5ȍ, 75ȍ, and 55ȍ respectively, and
is connected to 220v. µind a) the RT b) the IT c) the voltage
drop in each appliance and d) the current used by each
appliance if they are connected in: 1.] Series 2.] Parallel

Given: R1= 20ȍ µind: a) RT=?

R2= 10ȍ b) IT =?
R3= 5ȍ c) V1,V2,..V5=?
R4= 75ȍ d) I1,I2,..I5=?
R5= 55ȍ
VT= 220v

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 1.] Series

a) RT= R1+R2+R3+R4+R5 b) IT= V = 220v

20ȍ+10ȍ+5ȍ+75ȍ+55ȍ R 165ȍ




c) V1= I1R1 = 1.33 20
 
 a) I1=I2=I3=I4=I5=IT= 


V2= I2R2 = 1.33 10

V3= I3R3 = 1.33 5


V4= I4R4 = 1.33 75


V5= I5R5 = 1.33 55


mT = 220 v

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2.] Parallel

a)1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+1/R4+1/R5
=1/20+ 1/10+ 1/5+ 1/75+ 1/55
6

 
I1= = 220/20 = 11A

b) IT= VT/RT= 220v/2.62

I2= V = 220/10 = 22A
I3= = 220/5 = 44A
 


c) VT=V1=V2=V3=V4=V5= 220v
I4=
I5=
R = 220/75 = 2.93A
= 220/55 = 4A

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 Chapter Review:

1.) mame from the word electron which means ³amber´. It is

the most useful form of energy. It can easily convert or
transform one energy to another energy.

2.) It is electrical current which comes from a battery which

supply a constant flow of electricity in one direction.

3.) It refers to the build up of electric charge on the surface

of objects. The static charges remain on an object until they
either bleed off to ground or are quickly neutralized by a
discharge.

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||





||





||



||

 4.) It is when two bare wires touch each other resulting in the
production of a very large current in the circuit.

5.) It consists at a thin piece wire which melts to breaks

when a large current in it.

6.) It is a conducting loop in which a current can transfer

electric energy from a suitable source to a useful load.

7.) A comple circuit where in the parts are arranged in a

combination of both series and parallel, and the different
electromotive force.

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 ¦.) Is one in which the pathway of the electrical current is
broken. A switch is a device in the circuit in which the circuit
can be closed (turned on) or open (turned off).

9.) Is an apparatus for detecting an electric charge, typically

consisting of a rod holding two gold foils that separate when
a charge is applied.

10.) What are the two kinds of circuit?

11.) It is the deficiency of electron.

12.) It is the surplus of electron.

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 13.) He published a pioneering work entitled ²

 
where he pointed out that aside from amber, many other
substances, when rubbed together, also possessed a similar
property. Rubbing is the most common way of charging an
object. He named it ]V]mTRImITY.

14.) They arise from particles of atoms. The charges of

these particles contribute to the overall charge of any object
that contains them.

15.) It refers to the build up of electric charge on the surface

of objects. The static charges remain on an object until they
either bleed off to ground or are quickly neutralized by a
discharge.

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 Presented by:
St. orothy
majutol, Patricia Ann µ.
e Gracia, Mary Grace M.
Mariano, mlaire Ann M.
Miranda, Aubrey ianne .
Tiria, Anne marmel m.

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