Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
IMPP
161
Estimating paper
Building costs
Project size
Project complexity
Nature of project new materials, new
processes and techniques
Location accessibility, transport, climate,
topography
Market conditions
Different interpretation of documents nonconforming/qualified tenders
Building costs
Procurement method (type of contract)
Contract conditions (e.g. restricted working
hours)
Resource availability (e.g. skilled labour,
special plant)
Statutory requirements
Composition of costs
Labour direct and sub-contract
Materials (including delivery,
unloading, storage)
Plant machinery, tools
Monetary allowances P.C.
provisional, contingency
Preliminaries
Overheads
Profit
Pareto distribution
Class exercise
Estimating practice
Net rates for labour, materials and plant
Monetary sums
Price Preliminaries to arrive at total net
cost
Management then adds amounts
(percentages) for general overheads and
profit to arrive at tender sum
Labour
Direct labour employed directly by
the builder/contractor charge-out
rate must include allowances for
unproductive time, annual leave etc
Sub-contract labour subcontractors
may provide labour only or labour and
materials for a specific part of the
works, e.g. supply and fix
reinforcement
Materials
Purchase (less discounts)
Cartage
Unloading and storing
Allowance for shrinkage or bulking
Allowance for fixing and sundries
Allowance for wastage
Plant
Minor plant e.g. small tools,
wheelbarrows if not supplied by subcontractor include in general overheads
Major plant used across the job, e.g.
tower crane, hoist, scaffolding price in
Preliminaries
Special plant used by one trade, e.g.
concrete pump may be costed in
Preliminaries, in preambles or in
individual work items
Plant
Plant may be hired, leased or owned
outright costs vary depending on
situation: daily hire, weekly hire, lease
costs, depreciation, operating expenses,
maintenance, security, insurance,
floatage
Costs may be affected by strikes, bad
weather, site delays, breakdowns, site
conditions
Preliminaries
Job-specific overheads and costs that
are not part of the physical works
e.g. site sheds, insurances
May be anywhere between 5 and 20%
of the total cost
Many items are time-dependent e.g.
shed hire, temporary services others
are not, e.g. reinstatement of
footpaths, council fees
General overheads
Cost of running the business (not
specific to any one project) e.g. head
office rent, estimators salaries
Typically added to the net estimate as a
percentage determined either by
comparing anticipated total overheads
to anticipated turnover for the period or
by comparing the same figures from
previous periods (month, quarter, year)
Status of the BQ
In Australia, generally not guaranteed
and therefore not part of the contract
documents
Paid for and provided by the client
Tenderers use at their own risk
Importance of Measurement and
Prices clauses
Example: Demolition (next slide)
Status of the BQ
measurement and prices deemed to
include for: removing all rubbish and
debris, making good to work
disturbed, temporary shoring (other
than designed shoring) and similar
items (ASMM, p. 13)
Estimating procedure
Estimating procedure
Estimating procedure
An estimate must be clear and
consistent taking account of
methods of construction and all other
factors that may affect the cost
The estimate should be an estimate of
cost (to the builder) without
adjustment for overheads pr profit
Estimating procedure
Preliminaries costs are added after a
construction programme has been
determined (as many Preliminaries
items are time-based)
Allowances for general overheads, risk
and profit are added by management
How these allowances are distributed
against items (through the BQ) is up to
management
Estimating procedure
Invitation to tender
Public tender
Inspection of tender documents
Sufficient time allowed?
Contract? Risk allocation?
Complete documents?
Estimating team current workload
Is there a BQ?
Can we handle the project?
Can the client handle it?
Estimating procedure
Information required regarding:
Starting and completion dates
Staging
Access
Restrictions
Dangerous or unpleasant conditions
End