Unit 4

DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES:

Digital Modulation techniques:

Modulati
on

Continuo
us
Pulse

Analog
Digital
Analog
Digital

Continuous:

Analo
g

AM
FM
PM

Digita
l

ASK
FSK
PSK
QPSK
QAM
MSK

Pulse:

Analo
g

PAM
PWM
PPM

Digita
l

PCM
DPCM
ADM
DM

Waveforms of ASK,FSK & PSK:

Encoding Techniques for Analog Sources:

1.

2.

3.

Temporal Waveform coding: Digitize some

time varying parameters PCM,DPCM,ADM,
DM
Spectral Waveform Coding: Digitize
frequency varying parameters
a) Sub band coding: First frequency
spectrum divided into sub bands then time
varying parameters digitized
b) Adaptive transfer coding: First sampled
then digitized in frequency domain
Model based Encoding: Digitize various
parameters like mean, standard deviation
etc

Digital Modulation Techniques:

When it is required to transmit the digital

signal on band pass channel , the amplitude,
frequency or phase of the sinusoidal carrier is
varied in accordance with the incoming digital
data

In ASK amplitude is varied, in FSK frequency is

varied & in PSK phase is varied

In FSK & PSK amplitude is constant so less

noise

Coherere
nt
Detection

In this ,the local carrier

generated at the
receiver is phase locked
with the carrier at the
transmitter
It is a synchronous
detection

Non
Coherent
Detection

This type of detection

does not need receiver
carrier to be phase
locked with transmitter
carrier
Advantage is system is
simple but error
probability increases

Binary Phase Shift keying:

In BPSK binary symbol 1& 0 modulate the

phase of the carrier
Let the carrier be ,
S(t)=A cos (2f0t)
A-peak value of sinusoidal carrier
P=(1/2) A2
A=2P.(1)
When symbol is changed ,then phase of the
carrier is changed by 1800

For ex symbol is 1
S1(t)= 2P cos (2f0t)

If next symbol is zero then

S2(t)= 2P cos (2f0t+ 1800)
S2(t)=- 2P cos (2f0t)

Generator of BPSK:

Binary
data
sequenc
e

Bipolar NRZ
level encoder

b(t)

Balanced
Modulator

Carrier Signal

Waveforms:

BPSK Receiver:

Operation:

The demodulation technique used in BPSK

receiver is called synchronous detection .
Output of square law device is
cos( t+ )=1/2[1+cos2( t+ )]

So we can say that output of the square law

device contains a dc term i.e. 1/2 and 2 nd
harmonic of the carrier.
Only the 2nd harmonic is allowed to pass
through the Band pass filter. The o/p is only
cos2( t+ ),neglecting the amplitude.

The switch S is left open during the entire

duration so that the integrator can produce an
output proportional to its input voltage.
The output of the integrator circuit is the
output of the BPSK receiver.
Close the switch and you will get this o/p at
the end of every bit interval. This is called a
sampling switch.

Spectrum of BPSK:

The waveform b(t) is a NRZ binary waveform

whose power spectral density is given as s(f)=
PsTb(sinfTb /fTb)^2
Due to modulation, the spectrum of baseband
signal gets translated about +fc & -fc and its
amplitude reduces to half of the baseband
spectrum.

Geometric representation of BPSK:

When BPSK signal is received at the receiver
the (PsTb) represents logic 0 signal and
+(PsTb)represents logic 1 signal.
Distance d=2 (PsTb)=2E b
The error probability is inversely proportional
to d.
The geometric representation is called signal
space representation d
Message
Message

point 2

- Eb

(Euclidean
distance)

point 1

+ Eb 1(t)

Bandwidth:
BW=2fb
Advantages:
BPSK has a bandwidth which is lower than
that of a BFSK signal.
BPSK has the best performance of all the
systems in the pressure of noise. It gives
minimum possibility of error.
It has very good noise immunity

Disadvantages:
The only disadvantage is that the generation
and detection of BPSK is not easy.
It is complicated because synchronous
demodulation is used.
Probability of Error:
Pe=1/2erfc[E/N0]

DPSK(Differential phase shift Keying):

It is a Non coherent modulation method

The input sequence of binary bits is modified

such that the next bit depends upon the
previous bit

Therefore in receiver the previous received

bits are used to detect the present bit

DPSK Generator OR Transmitter:

Waveforms:

The DPSK output signal is mathematically

expressed as:
VDPSK(t)=b(t)*
When b(t)=1;b(t)=1, hence
VDPSK(t)=
That means no phase shift has been
introduced.
But when b(t)=0, b(t)=-1,
hence,
VDPSK(t)= Thus 180 degree phase shift is introduced to
represent b(t)=0.

DPSK RECEIVER:

BANDWIDTH:

Bandwidth is given as, BW = 2/T Where,

T=2Tb.

Bandwidth for DPSK is BW =fb.

Thus the minimum bandwidth is DPSK is equal

to fb, the maximum base band signal
frequency

ADVANTAGES:
1.

DPSK does not need a synchronous carrier at

the demodulator for detecting a DPSK signal.
This makes the receiver circuit simple. This
type of carrier is required for BPSK
demodulation.

2.

DPSK has lower bandwidth requirements

as compared to that of BPSK.

DISADVANTAGES:
1.

In DPSK a bit determination at the receiver

is made on the basis of the signal received in
two successive bit intervals, hence noise in
the one bit interval may cause errors to two
bit determination.

2.

The error rate in DPSK is higher than that in

BPSK.

3.

The effect of noise is higher in DPSK than

BPSK.

QPSK:

In communication, there are 2 main resources:

transmission power and channel bandwidth

In BPSK, when the symbol changes the level,

the phase of the carrier changes by 180.Since
there were only two symbols in BPSK, the phase
shift occurs in two levels only.
In QPSK two successive bit stream are
combined together to form a message (symbol)
and each symbol is represented by different
phase shift of carrier as shown in the table
below:

Ts=2Tb

Symbol

Phase (degrees)

01

/4

00

3/4

10

5/4

11

7/4

Types of QPSK:

OFFSET
QPSK

NON
OFFSET
QPSK

Delay is
present
called
OFFSET

Delay is
not present

Maximum
Phase
change is
900

Maximum
phase
change is
1800

OFFSET QPSK:

VQPSK (t)=Ps bo(t) sinwct + (Ps) be(t) coswct

WAVEFORMS:
a)Input sequence and its
NRZ waveform
b)Odd numbered bit
sequence and its
waveform
c)Even numbered bit
sequence and its
waveform.
d) Carrier
e) Carrier
f) S0(t)
g) Se(t)
h) Final QPSK waveform
representing equation

NON OFFSET QPSK:

RECEIVER:

POWER SPECTRUM OF QPSK:

SIGNAL SPACE REPRESENTATION:

Depending on combination of two successive bits, the phase shift

occurs in carrier. The QPSK signal is:

s(t)= 2PsCOS [WcT+(2m+1)/4]

m=0,1,2,3

..(1)

This eqn. takes 4 values and is after expanding and re-arranging we

get:

We get:
.(equations 2 and 3 respectively)

These are orthogonal signals and are carriers in QPSK modulator. Let:

From eqn2 and 3, substituting in the expansion

of eqn1 we get:

duration and Ts=2Tb

which implies, Tb=Ts/2
Bit energy, Eb=Ps Tb
Thus, The signal equation can be written
as:

- (P T )
s

-(P T )
s

Es

Es

(P T )
s

(P T )
s

Dist OB = (Ps Tb + Ps Tb)

= (2Ps Tb)=(Ps Ts)
=Es

BANDWIDTH = fb

M-ARY PSK :

Group N bits together to form N-bit symbols.

These symbols will extend over a time period
of NTb
Due to the grouping of N bits per symbol we
can have 2^N=m possible symbols.
These m symbols are represented by
sinusoidal signals of duration Ts=NTb which
differ from one another by a phase 2/m
radians.
Thus, M-ARY waveform is represented as,
V=(2Ps) cos(wct+m)
where m=0,1,2,3,,...m

TRANSMITTER:

RECEIVER:

SIGNAL SPACE REPRESENTATION:

As shown in the figure the angle is equal to

2/m, were 2 corresponds to complete circle
and m is the number of symbols.
Now consider the right angle triangle O-s1-x .

The error probability goes on decreasing

with increase in Euclidean distance

Using definition of sin we get,

PSD & BW:

BW=1/Ts (-1/Ts)
=2/Ts.

But Ts=NTb.

Therefore,

BW=2/NTb

Thus, BW=2fb/N

But (1/Tb)=fb

BFSK(Binary FSK):

In this the frequency of a sinusoidal carrier is

shifted between two discrete values
fH=1 & fL=0

No change in amplitude & phase

VBFSK (t)= 2Ps cos [ wct + d(t)t]

d(t)=+/- 1 corresponding to logic levels 1&0

BFSK Waveform:

Generation of BFSK:

Non Coherent BFSK Receiver:

Advantages & Disadvantages:

1. BFSK is relatively easy to implement.
2. It has better noise immunity than ASK. Therefore
the probability of error free reception of data is
high.

. The major disadvantage is its bandwidth

requirement. Therefore FSK is extensively used in
low speed modems having bit rates below 1200
bits/sec.

Spectrum of BFSK:

Bandwidth= 4fb

This pattern have been drawn with an

assumption that
fH-fL=2fb

Geometric Representation of orthogonal

BFSK:

Two carriers are used here u1(t) and u2(t)

having two different frequencies fH and fL
respectively. These carriers are used for
modulation.

For orthogonal BFSK, these two carriers

should be integer multiple of frequency
fb(where fb= 1/Tb)

That means fH = m fb and fL=n fb (m>n)

Therefore the two carriers u1(t) and u2(t) are given

by:
u1(t) = 2/Tb cos( 2 m fb t).
(1)
u2(t) = 2/Tb sin(2 n fb t).. (2)
Where m and n are integers
The signal space equations can be modified as :
sH(t)= PsTb (2/Tb) cos( 2 m fb t)
&
sL(t)= PsTb(2/Tb) sin( 2 n fb t)

Thus the above equations can be represented

in the form of u1(t) and u2(t) as:
sH(t)= PsTb * u1(t)
sL(t)= PsTb * u2(t)

M-ary FSK System:

M-ary FSK system is a logical extension of

Binary FSK(BFSK) system.

In this the symbols are not one bit long like

BFSK but each symbol is N bit long with a
symbol duration of Ts=NTb.

M-Ary FSK Communication System:

Spectrum of M-ary FSK:

f1=k
fs

f2=(k+2
)fs

f3=(k+4
)fs

f4=(k+6)
fs

Bandwidth:

BW=2Mfs .
But ,
fs=fb/N & M=2^N
Therefore B.W=2x(2^N)*fb/N
Therefore B.W=(2^N+1)*fb/N
Thus M-ary FSK needs a considerably
increased bandwidth as compared to M-ary
PSK .

Advantages:
The major advantage of M-ary FSK is that its
noise immunity improves and the probability
error reduces with increase in the value of M.

Disadvantages:
1.
A number of correctly tuned filters are
required for the reception of M-ary FSK
signal .

2.

Large bandwidth requirement

Geometric Representation:
U3=2/Tscos(w3
t)

Es

U1=2/Ts
cos(w1t)

d=2Es
Es

U2=2/Tscos(w2t)

Comparison:
PARAMETER

BFSK

BPSK

Variable
Characteristic

Frequency

Phase

Bandwidth

4fb

2fb

Noise Immunity

High

High

Error Probability

Low

Low

Performance in
presence of Noise

Better than ASK

Better than FSK

Complexity

Moderately Complex Very Complex

Bit Rate

Up to 1200bits/sec

High Bit Rate

Detection Method

Coherent/NonCoherent

Coherent

Comparison:
Parameter

M-Ary PSK

M-Ary FSK

Expression

2pscos(wct+m)
m = (2m+1)*/4,
m=1,2,M-1

2pscos(wct)

Number of bits per

Symbol

N*(M=2^N)

N*(M=2^N)

Symbol Duration

Ts=NTb

Ts=NTb

Information is
Transmitted
Through

Change in phase of
carrier

Change in
frequency of a
carrier

Demodulation
method

Coherent

Non coherent

Bandwidth

2fb/N

2^(N+1)fb/N