Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state the necessity for
the production of new cells
in organisms,
To explain the necessity for
the production of new cells
identical to parent cells,
To state the significance of
mitosis,
To identify the phases in the
cell cycle,
MITOSIS
A type of cell division which
involve the division of the
nucleus to produce two
daughter cells, each
contain same number &
same kind of chromosome
as the parent cell
Occurs in all somatic cells
except gametes.
Examples number of
chromosomes
ORGANISM
SOMATIC CELL
(2n)
GAMETE CELL
(n)
Human
46
23
Camel
70
35
Goat
60
30
Porcupine
34
17
Bat
44
22
Squirrel
40
20
House fly
12
Chicken
78
39
Alligator
32
16
Mosquito
Pea
14
SIGNIFICANCE OF
MITOSIS
For growth, repair & replaces cells
that are dead or damaged
A form of asexual reproduction to
increase the number of organisms
To ensure that the offsprings/new
cells are genetically identical to
the parent.
Preserves the diploid number of
chromosomes
The
Cell
Cycle
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To explain the process of
mitosis & cytokinesis,
To arrange the various
stages of mitosis in the
correct sequence,
To compare and contrast
mitosis & cytokinesis in
animal cell & plant cell
STAGE OF
MITOSIS
PROPHASE
METAPHA
SE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHA
SE
CYTOKINESIS
The division of cytoplasm.
Animal cell = actin filaments in the
cytoplasm contracts to pull a ring of the
plasma membrane inwards to form a
cleavage furrow the cell is separated
into 2 daughter cells.
Plant cell = starts with the formation of
cell plate at the equator of the cell cell
plate enlarge new cell wall is formed
2 daughter cells are produced.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
To explain the importance of
controlled mitosis,
To explain the effects of
uncontrolled mitosis in living
things,
To describe the application of
knowledge on mitosis in
cloning,
To explain the advantages &
disadvantages of cloning.
OF
THE
CELL
CYCLE
OF
tumor : abnormal
THE Benign
cells remain at the
CELL original site
CYCLE Malignant tumor : tumor
APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE
ON MITOSIS IN CLONING
To increase the
quantity of the
product
To improve the
quality, to produce
new species & to
ensure uniformity
in the traits of the
plants
CLONING
A natural process asexual
reproduction of unicellular organisms
Contain same genetic content &
chromosomal number with one
another as well as with the parent
organism
CLONING : A TECHNIQUE / the process
of producing clones or genetically
identical organisms through
asexually reproduction.
CLONING / GENETIC
ENGINEERING
A highly artificial form of asexual
reproduction based on mitosis
The offspring is produced by mitosis
from a diploid cell
The transfer of the nucleus from a
somatic cell to an ovum or embryonic
cell with the nucleus removed.
TISSUE
CULTURE
A technique in
reproduction which
involves the
transfer of tissues
or cells from an
organism into a
suitable culture
medium to produce
a whole new
organism (identical
to the existing
organism) clone
AN OUTLINE OF PLANT
TISSUE CULTURE
Sterilised apparatus & materials
The surface of a leaf is sterilised
with ethanol / dilute sodium
hypochlorite solution Small
pieces of tissue (explants)
culture medium a callus (an
undifferentiated mass of tissue)
formed (mitosis) embryos
plantlets transferred to
the soil adult plants
ADVANTAGES
- Produced in a short time (increase quantity)
- The good qualities of the plants/ animals can
be selected & maintained in the clones
- Increases the rate of production & the quality
of the product
- Ensure the continuity of hereditary traits from
parent to the clones
- Can be carried out any time of the year
DISADVANTAGES
1. The resistance of the clones towards
diseases & pests is the same. 1 infected
with a disease/pests, all the clones will also
affected. Lead to the extinction of the
species.
2. Carried out under controlled environment.
External environment changes, the will be
destroyed
3. Prevents natural selection
4. No variation