CHAPTER 3: Circuit Analysis Method

3.1 Node-voltage Method

Chapter 3 Outline
Node Voltage
Mesh Current
Source Transformation
Thevenin
Norton
Power

CIRCUITS ANALYSIS METHOD

Node Voltage
Mesh Current
Source Transformation
Thevenin
Norton
Power

RECALL
Kirchhoffs Current Laws (KCL)
Kirchhoffs Voltage Laws (KVL)
Ohms Law

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

(KCL)
Sum of currents entering a node is zero
Convention: +i is entering, -i is leaving

i 0

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Or
The summation of currents entering a node is equal to the
summation of
currents leaving the node
Convention: +i is entering and leaving

entering node

ileaving node

Nodal Analysis
Nodal analysis provides a general
procedure for analyzing circuits using
node voltages as the circuits
variables.
Choosing node voltages instead of
element voltages as circuit variables
is convenient and reduces the
number of equations.

Nodal Analysis
Step to determine the node voltages:
1. Choose a node as the reference node.
2. Select voltages v1,v2,,vn-1 to the remaining n-1
nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to
the reference node.
3. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes.
Use Ohms law to express the branch currents in
terms of node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to
obtain the unknown node voltages.

Cont..
Symbol for reference node

a) common ground (b) ground

(c) chassis ground

3.1 Motivation on Nodal Analysis

If you are given the following circuit, how can we

determine (1) the voltage across each resistor, (2)
current through each resistor. (3) power generated by
each current source, etc.

What are the things which we need to

know in order to determine the answers?

Example 1: Circuit with independent

Current Source

In the diagram, node

3 is define as
reference node and
node 1 and 2 as node
voltage labeled as; V1
and V2

Calculate the node voltages for above circuits.

At node 2, apply KCL

i2 i4 i1 i5
V1 V2
V2 0
10 5
4
6

3V1 5V2 60
At node 1, apply KCL

i1 i2 i3

Modify eq: 1 to eq: 2;

V1 V2 V1 0
5

4
2

3V1 V2 20

eq :1

40
V1
13.33V
3
V2 20V

eq :2

Example 2

1. How many nonreference node?

2. How many reference node?
3. Define node voltages

Nodal analysis with voltage dependant source

If the circuit contains dependent sources, the nodevoltage equations must be supplemented with the
constraint equation imposed by the presence of the
dependent sources.

Example3: Using nodal analysis, find V0 in

the circuit

i1

v1

i3

i2
+
V0

3V
2

+ 4V0

i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
Using Voltage divider

v0

v 1 v 1 3 v1 4 v 0

0
5
1
5

2
v1 so that v1 + 5v1 - 15 + v1 5

8
v1 0
5

or v1 = 15x5/(27) = 2.778 V, therefore vo = 2v1/5 = 1.1111 V

Node analysis with SUPERNODE

Case 1:
If voltage source is connected between reference
node and a nonreference node, we set the voltage at
the nonreference node equal to the voltage of the
voltage source.
Case 2:
If voltage source is connected between two
nonreference node, the two nonreference nodes
form a generalized node or SUPERNODE ; we apply
both KCL and KVL to determine the node voltages

Example 4
CASE 1

Example 5
CASE 2

By applying the KCL and KCV, calculate the V1 and V2

a) Applying KCL to the supernode

2 i1 i2 7
V1 0 V2 0
2

7
2
4

V2 20 2V1

Eq:1

b) Applying KVL to the supernode

V1 2 V2 0
V2 V1 2

Eq:2

Modify eq: 2 into eq: 1;

22
V1
7.333V
3
V2 5.333V
ADA PEMBETULAN DI
SINI

Example6