WCDMA :

Concepts and Deployment Aspects

Ashish Tayal
DGM (TX-II)
ALTTC Ghaziabad

04/17/16

3G Statistics
( As on 31.03.2006)

195 commercial 3G operators in 84 countries.

Over 273 million 3G subscribers reported worldwide.

CDMA 20001x

196 m

W-CDMA

53 m

1x-EV-DO

24 m

896 different 3G wireless devices introduced

commercially since inception of 3 G services.

Action in wireless industry is 3G.

04/17/16

3G Standard : The choice is CDMA

In 1999 ITU narrowed down on 5 technologies for IMT2000, 3 of which are based on CDMA technology.

These are namely CDMA 2000 1x, W-CDMA

( UMTS ) and TD-SCDMA.

CDMA is the technology of choice for 3G.

04/17/16

Key Requirements of 3G
Services
Improved system capacity.
Backward compatibility with second generation ( 2G ) systems.
Multimedia support.
High speed Packet data services.
Data Rates up-to 2 Mbps for fixed or Indoor Environments.
Data Rates up-to 384 kbps for pedestrian or urban Environments.
Data Rates up-to 144 kbps for wide area mobile Environments.

04/17/16

IMT-2000 Data Rate Requirements

To Meet the High Speed Data
Requirements,
a 3G System Must Support:
144 kbps Data for High Speed
Vehicular Environment
384 kbps Data for Pedestrian or
Low Speed Vehicular Environment
2 Mbps Data for Stationary
Environment

04/17/16

IMT-2000 VISION
Common Spectrum Worldwide ( 1.8 2.2 GHz band ).
Multiple Radio Environments ( Cellular,, cordless, satellite) ).
Wide Range of Telecommunication Services ( Voice, Data,
Multi-media, Internet ).
Flexible Radio Bearer for Increased Spectrum Efficiency.
Data Rates up-to 2 Mbps for Indoor Environment.
Global Seamless Roaming.
Enhanced Security Performance.
Integration of Satellite and Terrestrial Systems.
04/17/16

IMT-2000 SPECTRUM
IMT 2000 Core Band ( FDD Mode Paired Frequencies) :

Mobile to Cell

(UP-LINK)

1920 to 1980 MHz

Cell to Mobile (DOWN -LINK) -

2110 to 2170 MHz

IMT 2000 TDD Mode unpaired band :

04/17/16

1885 to 1920 MHz

2010 to 2025 MHz

8

IMT TECHNOLOGIES
ITU has finally narrowed down technology options
to the following five:

IMT -DS (Direct Spread)

IMT -MC (Multi Carrier)
IMT-TC ( Time Code)
IMT -SC ( Single Carrier )
IMT-FT (Frequency Time)

: W-CDMA
: CDMA 2000
: TD -SCDMA
: UWC - 136
: DECT

UTRA FDD
UTRA TDD

PAIRED

DS/ MC/SC ; UNPAIRED TDD

FURTHER HARMONIZATION

In Process

UTRA : UTMS Terrestrial Radio Access

UMTS :Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

04/17/16

Evolution Path for GSM

IMT-2000

Capable Systems

3G
GSM

GPRS

EDGE

Existing
spectrum

2G
14.4 kbps

04/17/16

evolved 2G
64115 kbps

New
spectrum

3G
115384 kbps 0.3842 mbps

10

CDMA Frequency Re-use

The Key to Channel Capacity
1
3

2
6

2
6

1
1

1
1

FDMA Reuse

CDMA Re-use
W-CDMA (UMTS)
cdma2000 (IS-

2000)
04/17/16

11

The Code Domain

Baseband BW

Baseband
Data

Spread
Factor

fc

CDMA
Transmitte
r
Walsh/OVS
Encoding
&
Interleavin
g

KTBF function

fc
Background
Noise

04/17/16

F
Spreading

Spurious
Signals

fc
External
Interference

Baseband
BW

Spread BW

fc

CDMA
Receiver
Walsh/OVS
F
Correlator

Decode &
DeInterleaving

Spread BW

Baseband
Data

Spread BW

fc
fc
Other Cell InterferenceOther User
Noise

Interference Sources

12

Benefits of 3GPP W-CDMA (UMTS)

Higher Voice Capacity
Ability to Send High Speed Data while
Mobile or Fixed (Internet, video,
multimedia, etc.)
5 MHz Bandwidth is more Immune to
Fading
No Accurate Base Station
Synchronization Needed
Support for Hand-off To and From GSM

04/17/16

13

Differences Between W-CDMA & cdma2000

3GPP

3GPP2

W-CDMA

cdma2000

Asynchronous

Synchronous

3.84 Mcps
New equipment

5 MHz

04/17/16

1.2288 Mcps
Upgrade existing

1.25 MHz

14

CDMA Frequency Diversity

Combats Fading, Caused by
Multipath

Fading Acts like Notch Filter to a

Wide
Spectrum Signal
Amplitude
May Notch 5only
MHz BW Part of Signal

Frequency

04/17/16

15

OVSF Code Tree

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4

SF=8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C1
ch,8,0

1 1 1 1
Cch,4,0
1
1 1
1
1 1 -1 -1
Cch,4,1
1
1
1
Cch,1,0
1 -1
1 -1
Cch,4,
1
2
1 -1
1
Cch,2,1
1C
-1ch,4,
-1 1
1

Cch,2,0

04/17/16

1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 C
-1ch,8,1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 C
-1ch,8,2
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 C1ch,8,3
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 C
-1ch,8,4

...

-1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 C1ch,8,5
-1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 C1
ch,8,6
-1 -1 1 -1 1 1 C
-1ch,8,7

16

Effects of Variable OVSF Codes

Shorter Codes
on a Branch
map into
Longer Codes
Using Shorter
OVSF Codes
Precludes
Using all
Longer Codes
Derived from
the Original
04/17/16

SF=2 SF=4
1 1 1 1

SF=8

SF=16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1

1 1
1 1 -1 -1

1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1

1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 11 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1

1
1 -1 1 -1

1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 11-1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1

1 -1
1 -1 -1 1

1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1

1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1

17

Channels and the Protocol Stack

RLC (Radio Link Control)

The mapping between

Logical and Transport
channels is performed
by the LAC layer
The mapping between
Transport and Physical
channels is performed
by the Physical layer

LOGICAL
CHANNELS
MAC (Media Access Control)
TRANSPORT
CHANNELS
Transport Sublayer
PHYSICAL PHYSICAL
LAYER
CHANNELS
Physical Sublayer

04/17/16

18

3GPP Channelization
Channels are in code domain.
3GPP Supports the Concept of Multiple
Services Sharing a Physical Connection
The Concept of Transport Channels is
used to Support these Services
Adds an Extra Layer Where Transport
Channel are Multiplexed together Prior to
Transmission on a Physical Channel
Physical channels are in code domain.
Physical channels are discriminated
primarily by the spreading code and/or
scrambling codes.

Upper
Layers

Transport Transport Transport

Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3

Multiplexing

Physical Channel
Sent Over the Air

04/17/16

19

Codes in W-CDMA

Chananelization codes ( OVSF codes ) :

Length is dependent on Spreading Factor.

Used for channel separation from a single source.

Same codes in every cell / mobiles and therefore additional

Scrambling Codes are needed.

Scrambling Codes :

Length is longer than Channelization codes.

In Downlink used to separate different cells/sector.

In Uplink used to separate different mobiles.

Synchronisation Codes :

04/17/16
Consists of 1 primary and 16 Secondary codes.

20

Adding W-CDMA
Adding
GPRS Data
GSM Network

New
Terminal

New cell sites

cases)W-CDMA

New cell sites

some
(in some (in
cases)

BTS
BTS BTS
BTS
01010

New
New
Terminal
Terminal
BSC Upgrade

New
New Software
01010

Software

BTS

BSC Upgrade

New Software
New Software
01010
New
0101
New
0
SGSN SGSN
EquipmentEquipment

Upgrade

W-CDMA
BSC

BSCBSC

Software 01010BSC
Software 01010
Upgrade

MSC

MSC

01010

Software
Upgrade

PSTN
PSTN

04/17/16

GPRS GPRS
Backbone
Backbone
New
01010
New
GGSN modified
router
Software GGSN
Modem
Pool Modem
Pool

New
Software

0101
0

New
Equipment
New
& Software

modified
router

New
Equipment
& Software

3G
SGSN

3G Data
Backbone
3G
GGSN

IP
BackboneIP
Backbone
WWW
VPN
Enterprise
WWW Network
VPN
Enterprise Network

21

Evolution of CDMA Networks

Evolution to 3G The Carriers Choice
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
Data only 2.4 Mbps
RF backward compatible

CDMA
IS-95A

CDMA2000 1x

IS-95B

Voice, 14.4k

Voice, 64k

Nearly Doubles Voice, 307k, RF backward compatible

EDGE
GSM
(Europe)

100k

GPRS

Voice, 9.6k

WCDMA

Data only 10-60k

Voice, 128k/384k

PDC
(Japan)

WCDMA (DoCoMo)
Voice, 64k/384k

Voice, 9.6k

1995

1999

04/17/16

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

22

CRITICAL ISSUES IN 3G DEPLOYMENT

1. SEAMLESS MIGRATION OF EXISTING NETWORK.

2. NATURE AND QUANTUM OF LICENSE FEE.
3. INTER OPERATABILITY OF EQUIPMENTS.
4. ALLOCATION OF SPECTRUM.
5. PRICING OF SPECTRUM.

04/17/16

23

ISSUES FOR 3G DEPLOVMENT

1. A HIGH RISK BUSINESS, HUGE INVESTMENTS.

2. IT IS UNLIKE 2G WHERE MARKET FORECASTS WERE
CERTAIN.
3. NO ROAD-MAP TO 3G EXISTS.
4. NO PROVEN BUISNESS MODEL EXISTS FOR 3G.
5. IS 2.5 G NOT ENOUGH.

04/17/16

24

NTT DoCoMos 3G FOMA Service

Do

Co

1
2
3
4
5

Mo

FOMA Subscriber Base

Period
million
Mar-04
3
Jul-04
5
Feb-05
10
Dec-05
20
Mar-06
23.5

FOMA Subscribers
23.5

25

20

20
millions

NTT

15

10

10
5

0
1

Period

04/17/16

25

NTT DoCoMos 3G FOMA Service

Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA)

Commercially launched on October 1,

2001.
10 m mark in
February,2005.

Factors contributing to Expanding Subscriber Base

Nationwide
coverage.
I-mode experience. 26 m i-mode subscribers by July
2001.
New innovative information
services.
Expanded handset
range.

04/17/16

26

Emergence of MVNOs

Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs) buy spectrum and

network capacity from Mobile Network Operators ( MNOs).

MVNOs compete by providing differentiated, customized

service offering.

High cost of obtaining license and setting up 3G network

encourage incumbent network operators to recoup part of
their investment through sale of space and spectrum to
MVNOs.

04/17/16

27

3G Spectrum Allocation in India

Recommendations focus on comparison and issues relating to

just two specific mobile technologies GSM and CDMA.

Entry fee for 3G ??

First mover advantage to CDMA operators back door entry

into 3G CDMA 2000 1X EV-DO.

Drifting from current subscriber based spectrum allocation

criterion for both GSM and CDMA operators, TRAI has
suggested technology natural criterion for allocating spectrum.
CDMA spectrally more efficient !!
04/17/16

28

Beyond 3G Promises and Pitfalls

- Enormous R & D investment by vendors like Ericsson, Nokia and Qualcomm, NTT Do Co Mo and
Vodafone under 3GPP.
- Global momentum for HSDPA/HSUPA.

- Emergence of alternative wireless technologies WiMAX (Intel)

and WiBro.

- Agreement on preferred modulation technology: OFDM- a de facto

choice for next generation wireless technologies.

04/17/16

29

More About 4G
Reasons to have 4 G
- Support for interactive multi-media services : video
teleconferencing etc.
- Scalability of mobile networks.

What is new in 4G
- Entirely packet-switched network.
- Higher bandwidth up-to 100 Mbps.

The earliest expected time of initial 4 G standards to be ready is around 2010.

04/17/16

30

[REFERENCES] :
1. NTT Do Co Mo website, URL: http//www.nttdocomo.com/
2. 3 G Today website, URL: http//www.3gtoday.com/
3. 3 G Today website, URL: http//www.3gpp.org/
4. All IP in 3 G CDMA Networks, Jonathan P Castro, John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.

04/17/16

31

Questions ?
Thank You !!

04/17/16

32