CHAPTER 7: ACID AND BASES

TERM

MEANING

Acid

Chemical subsatnce which ionises in H20 to produce

hydrogen ions, H+

Alkali

Chemical substance which ionises in H20 to produce hdroxide

ions, OH-

Bases

A substance dat react with an acid to form salt and H20

A soluble base is called an alkali

Strong acid

Acid that ionises in H2O to produce a

concentration of hydrogen ions, H+

Weak acid

Acid that ionises in H2O to produce a

concentration of hydrogen ions, H+

Strong alkali Alkali that ionises in H2O to produce a

concentration of hydroxide ions, OH+

pH

Value of concentration of hydrogen ions and

hydroxide ions

Monoprotic
acid
Diprotic acid

An acid that will produce mole of hydrogen

ions when 1 mole of the acid dissolves in H2O
An acid that will produce mole of hydrogen
ions when 1 mole of the acid dissolves in H2O
A solution of known

Standard
solution
Concentration
Molarity
Neutralisation
End point

The quantity of solute in a given volume of

solution which is usually 1 dm3 of solution
The no of moles of solute present in 1 dm3 of
solution. Unit:..
The reaction b/w and to form
and
The point in the titration at which the
indicator changes colour

Role of H2O in determining

properties
In the
presence
of H2O

In the
absence
of H2O
or in
other

Acid
Alkali
Molecules in acid
Alkali dissolve and
will ionise to produce ionise to produce OHH+
The presence of
The presence of H+ OH- is needed to
is needed to show
show alkaline
acidic
properties
Xshowproperties
acidic
Xshow alkaline
properties

properties

Acids remain in the

form of molecules

NO OH- is produced

NO H+ is produced

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
REACTION ACID WITH..
METAL
Acid + metal salt +
H2O
CARBON CARBONATE
Acid + metal carbonate

Salt + CO2 + H2O

REACTION ALKALI
WITH..
ACIDS
Alkali + acid salt and
H2O
AMMONIUM SALT
(except ammonium carbonate &
ammonium nitrate)

Alkali + ammonium salt

salt + ammonia gas
+ H2O
**ammonia gas liberated when
heating

NEUTRALISATION
Reaction b/w acid and base to form salt and water only
ACID + WATER SALT + H2O
When acid neutralise an alkali/base, pH value =7
(END POINT- point at which indicator change colour)
H+ + OH- H2O
Titration is the quantitive analysis method to determine the volume
of an acid dat is required to neutralise known volume of an alkali
Ways to detect the end point of the titration: Using acid base indicator & electrical conductivity
Indicator

Colour in medium
acidic

neutral

alkaline

Methyl orange

Red

Orange

Yellow

phenolphthalein

Colourless

Colourless

Pink

Litmus solution

Red

Purple

Blue

Numerical problem involving

neutralisation:
Step 1: write balanced equation
Step 2: write the information from the
question above the equation
Step 3: write the information from the
chemical equation below the equation ( no
of moles of substance involved
Step 4: MaVa
a
=
MbVb
b

pH scale used to indicated the degree of acidity

and alkilinity of an aqueous solution based on the
concentration oh H+
neutral

More acidic
More alkaline
pH value: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN ION INCREASING

CONCENTRATION OF HYDROXIDE ION INCREASING

THE PH VALUE, THE CONCENTRATION OF H+

THE PH VALUE, THE CONCENTRATION OF OH-

 CONCENTRATION

MOLARITY,M

NO OF MOLES, n

Acid strength
For 2 different acids of the
same concentration, the
pH value of a strong acid is
lower than a weak acid coz
the concentration of its
hydrogen ions, H+ is
higher
Alkali strength

MOLARITY
X Molar mass

/ Molar mass

CONCENTRATION

For 2 different alkali of the

same concentration, the
pH value of a weak alkali is
lower than a strong alkali
coz the concentration of its
hydroxide ions, OH- is
lower

Aplication of example
neutralisation
agricultural

Acidic soil is treated with powdered lime,

CaO, lime stone, CaCO3 or ashes of burnt
wood

industries

1. Acidic effluent treated with lime b4 being

discharge
2. Ammonia neutralises organic acid
produce by bacteria in latex to prevent
coagulation

health

Tooth paste contain bases to neutralises

the acid produced by bacteria in our mouth
Anti-acids contain bases -aluminium
hydroxide & magnesium hydroxide to
neuralise excess acid in the stomach