TRANSPORT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE

Main Objectives

Classification
Different Modes, pathways,
mechanisms & their importance
Osmosis

ICF and ECF

CLASSIFICATION
Membrane transport

Simple FacilitatedPrimarySecondary
Co
Counter
transporttransport

Basis Of Diffusion
High solute concentration
Low solute concentration

Net Diffusion

No need of extra energy

Occurs due to kinetic energy
From high to low concentration
No carrier protein in simple
diffusion

Equal concentration
No net diffusion

Simple
Diffusion

Facilitated
Diffusion

Active Transport

TRANSPORT PATHWAYS
Depends
upon
lipid
solubility

E.g. O2

Water
soluble

E.g. Na+,

E.g. Glucose
E.g.
Ca++

Channel And Carrier Proteins

Channel protein
Selectively permeable
Mostly gated
Na+, K+, Cl-

Carrier protein
Glucose, amino acids

Selective Permeability of Protein Channels

Channel Proteins Open &

gated states

Types of gated channels - Voltage gated, Ligand gated,

Mechanically stretched

Voltage Gated Channels

Important in action potential

Closed Channel

Open Channel

Inactivated Channel

Ligand Gated channels

Neuromuscular junction

Channel closed

Channel open

Mechanically Gated channels

Pressure or Stretch

Channel closed

Channel open

Factors affecting net diffusion

Concentration gradient

Electrical gradient

Pressure gradient

Facilitated Diffusion

Glucose &

AA
No need of
energy
From higher to
lower
concentration
Needs carrier
proteins
Has Vmax

Due to weak
binding and

Facilitated Diffusion Vmax

The rate of transport can not be greater than

the rate of back & forth change in carrier

Diffusion Factors Affecting

Permeability

Surfac
e area

Molecu
Lipid solubility lar
weight

Membra
ne
thicknes
s

Concentra
tion
Difference

Primary Active Transport

Against chemical gradient (uphill)

Needs carrier proteins
Needs extra energy
Has Vmax
Types: Primary active e.g. Na+ - K+ pump, Ca++
pump,
Secondary active
Co transport Glucose / AA with Na+ in
intestine, kidney
Counter transport - H+ with Na+ in PCT of
kidney

Primary Active-

E.G. Sodium Potassium Pump

Maintains sodium-potassium concentration

in ICF & ECF
Electrogenic pump

Primary Active Transport Ca++

Secondary Active Transport / Uniport

Sodium Glucose Co-transport
(OR Amino Acid)

More Na+

Less glucose

ECF

ICF
Less Na+

More glucose

Na Glucose
Cotransport

Secondary Active Counter

transport /Antiport
Sodium-Hydrogen counter transport
Na+

H+

Two ions move in opposite direction

Osmosis And Osmotic Pressure

Osmotic Pressure
Amount of pressure required to stop the

1 osmole = 1gm mol wt of solute

Normal osmolarity of ECF = 300 mOsmol

Osmolarity - 1
osmole of solute in 1

Osmolality-1 osmole
of solute in 1 kg of

The osmotic pressure exerted depends upon the

number of particles & not by the mass of the particles

Tonicity

racellular fluid 300mOsmole

n penetrating solutes

Hypertonic

Cell shrinks

Normal cell volume

Isotonic

No change

hypotonic

Cell swells

How do they attach to each other?

Intercellular attachments

Gap junctions

Tight junctions-Kidney, intestine

Desmosomes-Skin

How do they communicate?

Intercellular communications

TARGET
ORGAN

How do they take substances in &

out?

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Now the
substanc
e is in ICF
Now the
substanc
e is in
ECF

How do they take larger

particles?
Pinocytosis Cell drinking

How do they digest unwanted

material?
Phagocytosis Cell eating

How do they move?

Amoeboid movements

Ciliary movements

Respiratory passages
Fallopian tubes

Summary

Main Study Material

Guyton 11th ed. Chap. 4
Ganong 23rd ed. Chap. 1
Vander 9th ed. Chap. 4

Thank You