Anatomy Terminology

Zainuri SN
Departemen of Anatomy

Definisi

Terminologi adalah peristilahan; biasa

disebut juga tata istilah. Terminologi sendiri
dalam ilmu bahasa berarti ilmu yang
mempelajari batasan atau definisi.
Apa yang dimaksud Terminologi
Kedokteran?
Banyak dari kita berpikir bahwa terminologi
kedokteran merupakan bahasa tersendiri,
berupa uraian kata-kata tanpa berimbuhan
yang hanya di pahami oleh para dokter dan
tenaga kesehatan lainnya. Lebih jauh dari
itu, kami yakin bahwa semua orang bisa
mempelajari terminologi kedokteran ini
dengan mudah.

Terminologi Kedokteran SULIT?

What if I told you that you dont have

to spend hours memorizing long
unpronounceable words and their
meanings?
Could learn medical terminology in
12 to 24 hours of study time?
Because medical have knowledge of
many medical terms? Its all true!

Strategi Belajar Anatomi

Were all familiar with
words such as arthritis,
nausea, nasal, anemia,
electrocardiogram, lens,
kidney, Cat scan and
hepatitis

metode :
medical terms are like jigsaw
puzzles, but theres no need
to stay up at night for hours,
memorizing medical terms
and their meanings. With this
course youll learn to break
down the medical words
using a technique called
Word Building.

What is the Word Building!

Word Building explains how medical
terms are built and formatted into
words using a building block method.
This method will take the average
person 12 to 24 hours of study time to
complete.

Jangan Kaget !
Word
Word Building will
will teach
teach you
you how
how to
to analyze
analyze
each
each medical
medical term
term by
by dividing the term into its
basic
basic component
component parts;
parts; the
the prefix,
prefix, the
the root
root
word,
word, and
and the
the suffix.
suffix. Moreover,
Moreover, there
there are
are far
far
fewer
fewer basic
basic component
component word
word parts than
than there
are
are medical
medical terms,
terms, therefore
therefore the
the study
study time in
learning
learning these
these components
components is
is minimal.
minimal.
Word
Word Building gives
gives you the tools to understand
the
the meaning
meaning of
of each
each individual
individual component,
component, the
the
prefix,
prefix, the
the root
root word,
word, and
and the
the suffix,
suffix, in
in medical
medical
terms.
terms. Once
Once youve
youve completed
completed this
this course
course you
you
will
will be
be able
able to
to comprehend
comprehend many
many medical
medical terms
terms
not
not presented
presented in
in this
this short
short curriculum.
curriculum.

WORD BUILDING BASICS

There are component parts in each and every medical
term, and once you have learned the individual
meanings of the basic component parts, you will then
be able to comprehend many medical terms not a part.
The component-parts technique is called Word
Building.
The key to word building is in the basic components of
each medical term. Most medical terms are formed by
a combination of 2 or 3 basic components or parts.
Knowing how to divide a medical term is the first step.
Knowing the meaning of the terms components is the second
step.

The basic components (parts) of

medical terms are:
Prefix

Root

Suffix

Is a small part added to the beginning of a term, to

change or modify the meaning of the term.

Gives the essential meaning of the term. It is a

word that can stand alone and has a meaning.

Is the words ending.It can be a letter or group of
letters placed after the root word to change or
modify the words meaning.

The basic components (parts) of

medical terms are:
Necessary component parts to connect the roots with suffixes
and make the medical terms pronounceable:
Combining
Connects root words to suffixes and root words to

Vowel
other root words.

Combining
Is the combination of the root and combining

Form
vowel.

EXAMPLE: Constructing a medical term: HEMAT /O / LOGY

Root

Combining

vowel

Suffix

The basic components (parts) of

medical terms are:

Root

Combining

vowel

Suffix

1. To analyze a medical term, begin at the end of the word. The ending
is called the suffix. All medical terms contain suffixes.
2. The suffix in the above word is LOGY, which means study of.
3. Next, find the root of the word that gives the terms essential
meaning. In the term HEMATOLOGY, the root word is HEMAT. This
means blood.
4. Finally, what connects the root and suffix together making it a
pronounceable term is the combining vowel, which in this term, is
the letter O. The combining vowel has no meaning of its own but is
an important connector between the root (HEMAT) and the suffix
(LOGY).

Word Building Basics (Cont).

Lets review the medical terms below and break them down into
the building blocks form of word building:
1. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

Root

Combining
Vowel

Root

ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

Combining
Suffix
Vowel

Reading the meaning of this term from the suffix to the 1st
root and then across to the 2nd root = record of the
electricity in the heart. It is the electricity flowing within the
heart that causes the heart muscle to contract, pumping
blood throughout your body.

Word Building Basics (Cont).

Lets review the medical terms below and break them down into
the building blocks form of word building:
2. GASTROENTEROLOGY

Root

Combining
Vowel

Root

GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY

Combining

Vowel

Suffix

Reading the meaning of the word from the suffix to the 1st
root and then across to the 2nd root = study of the
stomach and the intestines.
As you see, some medical terms have more than one root word, so looking
for the O in medical terms will help you divide the term into its component
parts. The combining vowel plus the root is called the combining form.

Word Building Basics (Cont).

There are not all medical terms contain a combining vowel

as shown in the examples below:

3. GASTRIC

GASTR/IC

Combining Form

Suffix

Reading the meaning of the word from the suffix to the root = pertaining to
the stomach
4. TRANSURETHRAL

Prefix

TRANS/URETHR/AL

Combining Form

Suffix

Reading the meaning of the word from the suffix to the prefix, to the root =
pertaining to across (through) the urethra

Word building is a very simple concept

All of the basic rules and guidelines have been set forth
before you. What is now left for you to learn is the list of
prefixes, suffixes and some basic root words.
Remember the rule: to build or analyze a medical term, you
start with the suffix (ending) back to the beginning (prefix or
root word) and then across.

PREFIXES
PREFIX
a-, anabad-, afambi-, ampho-, amphiana- up,
androanteanti-, antap-, apoaut-, autobrachybradycatacircum-.
co-, com-, concontra-

MEANING
without, lacking, deficient, not
away from
toward, to, near
both, double
toward, apart
man
before, in front of, forward
against, opposing, preventing
separation from, derived from
self
short
slow
down, under, lower, against
around
with, together
against, opposed

PREFIXES
PREFIX
dedextrodiadisdorsodyse-, ec-, ef-, exect-, ecto-, exoem-, en-, esoend-, endo-, ent-, entoep-, epieuextra-, extrogyn-, gynohemiheterohyperhyp-, hypoim-, in-

MEANING
down, from
to the right
through, between, apart, across
apart, free from
to the back
difficult, bad, painful, abnormal
out of, from, away from
outside of
in, into, within
within, inside
upon, on, over
normal, good, healthy
outside of, beyond, outward
woman, female
half, partial
different, other
excessive, above, beyond
under, beneath, deficient
in, into, within, not

PREFIXES
PREFIX
infrainterintra-, intromalmega-, megalomes-, mesometamicr-, micromult-, multineonosooligopanparaperperipolypost-

MEANING
below, beneath
between
within, into
bad, abnormal
large, big
middle
change
small
many
new, recent
disease
little, few
all, entire
beside, beyond, after
through, excessive
around, surrounding
many, much, excessive
after, behind

PREFIXES
PREFIX
pre-, propseud-, pseudopyopyrore-, retrosemistenosubsuper-, suprasym-, syntachytelothermtransultraxero-

MEANING
before, in front of
false
pus
fire
backward, behind, again
half
narrow
under, below, beneath
above, excess, superior
together, with
fast
end
heat
across, through, beyond
beyond, excess
dry

PREFIXES : COLORS
PREFIX
albuschlorochromocirrhoscyanoerythroleukoluteus
melanopolioporphyrorhodoxantho-

MEANING
white
green
color
orange yellow
blue
red
white
yellow
black
gray
purple
red
yellow

PREFIXES : NUMBERS
PREFIX
nullihaplomon-, monobi-, di-, dipltriquadri-,
pentahex-, sexocto-, octanonadeci-

MEANING
none
single
one
two, double, twice
three
tetra four
five
six
eight
nine
ten

SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES

MEANINGS

-al -ac, -ic

-ar, -ial, -ary
-ous, -tic. -eal

pertaining to, related to, located in

-algia
-agra
-ectomy
-gnosis
-gram
-ic
-itis
-logy
-osis
-scopy

pain
excessive pain
removal, excision
about the patients condition
recording
pertaining to
Inflammation
study of
abnormal condition
process of visual examination

SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
-apheresis
-asthenia
-ase
-ate
-atresia
-capnia
-cele
-centesis
-cidal
-clasia, clast

MEANINGS
removal
weakness
enzyme
use, subject to
absence of normal body opening
carbon dioxide
protrusion, hernia
surgical puncture to remove fluid
killing
break

-cle, -cule, -ole

-ola, -ule, -ulum
-ulus

small

SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
-clysis
-coccus, -coccis
-crit
-crine
-cyte
-desis
-drome
-dynia
-ectasis
-ectomy
-ectopic
-emesis
-emia
-ent, -er,
-ist, -or

MEANINGS
irrigation, washing
berry-shaped
to separate
separate, secrete
cell
surgical fixation
run, running
pain
dilation, expansion
surgical removal
displacement
vomit
blood condition
person or agent

SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
-esis, -ia, -a
-ism, -ity, -y
-osis, -tion, -sis
-iasis, -sia

MEANINGS
state or condition, disease

-form, -oid
-gen, -genic
-genesis
-gram
-graph
-graphy
-iac
-ible, -ile
-ician
-ictal
-ist, -ologist
-ites, -itis

resembling, shaped like

producing, causing
beginning, origin
record
instrument that records
process of recording
person afflicted with
capable, able
one who
seizure, attack
a specialist in
inflammation

SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
-ium
-ize
-logy
-lysis, -lytic
-ma, -mat
-malacia
-mania
-megaly
-metor
-metry
-morph
-oma
-opsy
-oxia
-paresis
-pathy
-penia

MEANINGS
membrane
use, subject to
science, study of
destroy, dissolution, separation
disease, condition
softening
madness
enlargement
instrument used to measure
measurement
form, shape
tumor
to view
oxygen
slight paralysis
disease
deficient, lack of

SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
-pepsia
-pexy, -pexis
-phagia, -phagy
-philia, -phily
-phobia
-phonia
-phoria
-physis
-plasia, -plasm
-plasty
-plegia
-pnea
-poiesis
-porosis
-prandial
-praxia
-ptosis

MEANINGS
digestion
fixation, storing
eating, swallowing
love
abnormal fear, intolerance
pertaining to sound
feeling
growth
formation, development
surgical repair
paralysis
breathing
formation
passage
meal
in front of, before
drooping, downward displacement

SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
-rrhage, -rrhagia
-rrhaphy
-rrhea
-rrhexis
-sarcoma
-schisis
-sclerosis
-scope
--sepsis
-spasm
-stasis
-stenosis
-stomy
-tome
-tomy
-tripsy
-trophy
-ule

MEANINGS
excessive flow
suturing in place
flow or discharge
rupture
malignant tumor
split, fissure
hardening
instrument for examining
infection
sudden involuntary muscle contraction

control, stop
narrowing
surgical opening
instrument for
cutting, incision
surgical crushing
nourishment, development
little

ROOTS

The root component in a medical term is the essential

meaning of the term.
The root component is a word which can stand-alone
and it has a meaning.
The root word is the base to which the prefix and the
suffix will be attached to form a meaningful word.
The root word is usually the description of a body
organ, area or part.
ALL medical terms must have a root word
component. Without the root word component the
term would be meaningless.

ROOTS
ROOTS and COMBINING FORMS
arthr / o
bi / o
cardi / o
cerebr / o
dermat / o
enter / o
gastr / o
hemat / o
hepat / o
neur / o
oste / o
path / o
ren / o
rhin / o
urethr / o

MEANING
joint
life
heart
cerebrum, largest part of the brain
skin
intestines (often the small intestine)
stomach
blood
liver
nerve
bone
disease
kidney
nose
urethra

Posisi Anatomi.
Mata memandang lurus ke depan dalam
bidang jerman, yaitu bidang yang melalui pinggir
bawah lekuk mata dan pinggir atas liang
pendengaran luar, mendatar, kedua lengan
tergantung di samping badan dengan tapak
tangan menghadap ke depan, badan tegak
dan kedua kaki berdampingan dengan jarijari kaki mengarah ke depan.

Pembagian tubuh Kita

Truncus (badan) terdiri
atas:
thorax (dada) dan
abdomen (perut). Diaphragma
merupakan lembaran otot dan
tendo yang memisahkan
thorax dan abdomen.

extremitas (anggota
badan) tdr atas:
extremitas superior (anggota
atas) dan
extremitas inferior (anggota
bawah)

Systema dalam tubuh kita

Systema
Systema integumentum
integumentum (kulit)
(kulit)
Systema
Systema skeletale
skeletale (tulang)
(tulang)
Systema
Systema articularis
articularis (sendi)
(sendi)
Systema
Systema muscularis
muscularis (otot)
(otot)
Systema
Systema nervosum
nervosum (saraf)
(saraf)
Systema
Systema circulatorius
circulatorius (sirkulasi)
(sirkulasi)
Systema
Systema kardiovasculer
kardiovasculer
Systema
Systema digestiva
digestiva (alimentarius
(alimentarius = cerna)
cerna)
Systema
Systema respiratorius
respiratorius (pernapasan)
(pernapasan)
Systema
Systema urinarius
urinarius (saluran
(saluran kemih)
kemih)
Systema
Systema reproductiva
reproductiva (genitale)
(genitale)
Systema
Systema endocrine
endocrine (hormon)
(hormon)

Istilah untuk LETAK

Cranial (Cranialis)
Superior
Caudal (Caudalis) (><
cranial)
Inferior (>< superior)
Sinister
Dexter(>< sinister)
Dorsal (Dorsalis)
(dorsum = punggung)
Posterior
Ventral (Ventralis)
(ventrum = perut; ><
dorsal)

Anterior (>< posterior)

Frontal (Frontalis) (frons
= dahi)
Occipitalis (>< frontalis).
Rostralis
Apicalis (puncak); ke
arah apeks.
Basalis (Basilaris) (><
Apicalis)
Medius (medial)
Lateral (>< medial)

Istilah Khusus pd Anggota

Radial
Ulnar
Tibial
Fibular (>< tibial)
Volar (Volaris) (>< dorsalis)
Palmaris (Palmar)
Plantair (plantaris) (telapak
kaki).
Distal (Distalis)
Proximal (>< distal)
Medialis (Medial)
Intermediat

Badan

Lateralis (Lateral) (><

medialis).
Axialis (sumbu tubuh)
Externus (Eksterna)
Internus (Interna) (>< externa).
Superficialis
Profundus(profunda) (><
superficial)
Centralis (central)
Peripheralis (Perifer) (><
perifer).
Flexor
Extensor (>< flexor).

Istilah Untuk Bidang

Bidang Verticalis
Bidang Horizontalis :
membagi tubuh menjadi bagian atas
(superior) dan bawah (inferior);
Bidang Medianus (Mediana) :
(bidang midsagittalis).
membagi tubuh menjadi kanan (dexter) dan kiri (sinister).
Bidang Coronalis (Koronal) :
membagi tubuh menjadi
bagian depan (anterior) dan belakang (posterior).
Bidang Median
:
membagi badan tepat menjadi bagian
kanan dan kiri.
Bidang sagittal
:
membelah tubuh menjadi kanan dan
kiri. Apabila garisnya tidak melalui bidang median, maka disebut
bidang parasagittal.
Bidang Frontal
:
membagi badan atas bagian muka
dan bagian belakang.
Bidang Transversal :
membagi tubuh menjadi bagian arah
kepala (cranial) dan bagian arah ekor (caudal).

Istilah untuk

Linea mediana anterior

Linea sternalis
Linea parasternalis
Linea midclavicularis
:= linea mammilatris
(mammaria).
Linea mammilaris
:= linea
midclavicularis, melewati
papilla mammae (puting
susu)

Garis

Linea axillaris anterior

Linea midaxillaris
:= linea axillaris media.
Linea axillaris posterior
Linea scapularis
Linea paravertebralis
Linea mediana posterior

Istilah untuk

Peninggian

Tuber
:
suatu tonjolan yang membulat
Tuberculum :
tuber yang kecil.
Condylus
:
suatu bulatan pada ujung tulang dekat persendian
yang merupakan bagian dari persendian.
Epicondylus :
suatu tonjolan di atas condylus.
Juga (Jugum)
:
tonjolan sebagai bukit.
Spina
:
bangunan sebagai duri (umumnya panjang)
Processus :
tonjolan kecil yang meruncing.
Crista
:
suatu rigi (tepi) yang meninggi.
Linea
:
suatu rigi yang tak meninggi.
Labium
:
suatu peninggian yang tumpul dan lebar ( = bibir ).
Pecten
:
suatu rigi yang tak begitu lebar dan tinggi.
Eminentia :
untuk suatu daerah yang meninggi.
Cornu
:
bangunan sebagai tanduk.
Caput
:
suatu bulatan yang besar ( = kepala ).
Capitulum :
caput yang kecil

Istilah Untuk

Cekungan

Fovea
:
suatu cekungan seperti lembah.
Foveola :
fovea yang kecil.
Impressio :
suatu cekungan yang disebabkan oleh
desakan/tekanan suatu alat lain sewaktu pertumbuhan.
Fissura
:
suatu celah.
Incisura :
suatu takik.
Sulcus
:
suatu parit.
Fossa
:
daerah seperti lembah yang luas.

Istilah Untuk

Lubang

Apertura :
pintu masuk ke dalam suatu rongga.
Ostium
:
muara suatu saluran (rongga) ke
dalam rongga lain.
Porus
:
lubang, umumnya sebagai pintu
masuk/muara keluar.
Foramen :
lubang seperti porus
Orificium :
lubang seperti porus
Foramina :
lubang kecil (arti jamak ).

Istilah Untuk

Saluran

Canalis
:
kanal (parit).
Canaliculus (jmk : canaliculi) : kanal yang kecil.
Ductus
:
pipa.
Ductilus (jamak: Ductuli) :
pipa yang kecil.
Tubus
:
pipa besar.
Tubulus (jamak : Tubuli) :
pipa agak kecil.
Meatus
:
gang/liang

Istilah Untuk

Rongga

Cavum
:
rongga yang besar.
Cavitas
:
rongga yang kecil.
Sinus
:
rongga tertutup yang biasanya berisi
udara cairan.
Cellula
:
rongga-rongga kecil dalam tulang yang
berisi udara.
Spatium : celah/rongga di antara dua bangunan/alat.