Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ON TO
DESIGN
UNIT 1
SYLLABUS CONTENTS
Stress analysis
DEFINITION
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
Production and processing of energy means of production,
tools of transportation and techniques of automation.
Disciplinary bases mechanics of solids and fluids, mass
and momentum transport, manufacturing process,
electrical and information theory.
Example
Journal bearing fluid flow, heat transfer, friction, energy
transport, material selection, thermo mechanical
treatments, statistical descriptions etc
A building heating, ventilation, air conditioning,
Internal combustion engine
Machine element design, machine component design,
system design, fluid power design.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
BASIC PROCEDURE OF
MACHINE DESIGN
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
List of requirements of the product:
Output capacity of the machine
Service life
Cost and reliability
Dimensions and weight
External appearances, noiseless performance
Operating controls
SELECTION OF MECHANISMS
Rough sketches of different possible mechanisms for
the product
Eg: Press
Possible mechanisms:
1.Crank and connecting rod
2.Nut and screw
3.Hydraulic cylinder, piston and valves
An approximate estimation of the cost of each
alternative configuration is made and compared with
the cost of existing products.
10
LAYOUT OF CONFIGURATION
Prepare a block diagram showing the
general layout of the selected
configuration.
11
12
PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS
Prepare drawings of the assembly and the
individual components
Material of the component, its dimensions,
tolerances, surface finish grades, and
machining symbols are specified
A prototype model is prepared for the
product and thoroughly tested before
finalizing the assembly drawings.
13
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
OF MACHINE ELEMENTS
Strength
Rigidity
Wear resistance
Minimum dimensions and weight
Manufacturability
Safety
Conformance to standard
Reliability
Maintainability
Minimum life cycle cost
15
SPECIFICATION OF FUNCTION
Functions of some machine elements:
Bearing: To support the rotating shaft and
confine its motion
Key: To transmit the torque between the
shaft and the adjoining machine part like
gear, pulley or sprocket
Spring: To release stored energy
Fasteners: Screws, rivets, bolt-nut, etc. to
hold 2 or more machine parts together
16
DETERMINATION OF FORCES
External force due to energy, power or
torque transmitted by the machine part
Static force due to deadweight of the
machine part
Force due to frictional resistance
Inertia force due to change in velocity
Force due to variation in temperature
Forces due to manufacturing
17
SELECTION OF MATERIAL
Four basic factors considered in selecting the material:
Availability
Cost
Mechanical properties
Manufacturing considerations
FAILURE CRITERION
3 basic types:
Failure by Elastic Deflection
Failure by General Yielding
18
Failure by Fracture
DETERMINATION OF DIMENSIONS
Dimensions are decided on the basis of failure criterion
In simple cases, dimensions are determined on the basis
of allowable stress or deflection
Various criteria such as yield strength, ultimate tensile
strength, torsional or lateral deflection and permissible
bearing pressure are used to find dimensions.
DESIGN MODIFICATIONS
Geometric dimensions of the machine element are
modified from assembly and manufacturing considerations
19
PREPARATION OF DRAWINGS
Prepare drawings of the assembly and the
individual components
Material of the component, its dimensions,
tolerances, surface finish grades, and
machining symbols are specified
A prototype model is prepared for the
product and thoroughly tested before
finalising the assembly drawings.
20
STRESSES
Defenition
Normal stress
Shear stress
Biaxial stress
Tri axial stress
Stress tensor
Principal stress
NORMAL STRESS
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or
unit strength. It is the force on a member divided by area,
which carries the force, formerly express in psi, now in N/mm 2
or MPa.
=P/A
SHEAR STRESS
Shear stress
When forces are transmitted from one part of a
body to other, the stresses developed in a plane
parallel to the applied force are the shear
stresses and the average values of the shear
stresses are given by
in single shear
in double shear
BIAXIAL STRESS
A biaxial stress system has a stress state in two directions
and a shear stress typically
ENGINEERING
MATERIALS AND THEIR
PROPERTIES