Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Essential
Biochemistry
Third Edition
Charlotte W. Pratt | Kathleen Cornely
+Effects of Glucagon
glucagon
Glucagon
hormone
Produced
Stimulates
+Effects of Glucagon
Stimulates
Stimulates
Muscle
Epinephrine
Stimulates glycogenolysis
glucagon
+
Effects of Signaling Cascades
cascade greatly
amplifies effects of
hormones
cAMP
(Liver cell)
amount of hormone
Large effect
Small
Need
Essential Biochemistry
Third Edition
Charlotte W. Pratt | Kathleen Cornely
+
Structure of Nucleotides
Nucleic
Identity
base
of nucleotide determined by
A and G resemble purine
+
Structure of Nucleotides
Identity
of nucleotide determined by
base
+
Structure of Nucleotides
RNA
Bases
RNA
+
Structure of Nucleotides
10
Nucleosides
CTP
is an NTP
oxy
dCTP
is a dNTP
deoxy
CTP is a nucleoside
triphosphate
GDP is a nucleoside
diphosphate
+
Structure of Nucleotides
Some
nucleotides
arent part of DNA
11
+
Structure of DNA
DNA
It
R-O-PO2O-R
has directionality
5 phosphate end
3 hydroxyl end
Synthesized 5 to 3
Convention is to read sequence from 5 to 3
12
+Structure of DNA
Canonical
This
2 H-bonds
3 H-bonds
13
+Structure of DNA
14
This
Theres an uneven
twist to the DNA
+Chargaffs rule
gives a clue to base pairing
Chargaffs
Base
15
+Structure of DNA
16
to 3 pairs with 3 to 5
Why?
In order to form H bonds
Sugar-phosphate
http://open.jorum.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/12
3456789/956/Items/S377_1_section5.html
+Structure of DNA
17
Base
pairs are
perpendicular to
backbone
Bases
are mostly
hydrophobic
Need to minimize solvent
exposure
Base pairs stack closer
together
http://open.jorum.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/handle/12
3456789/956/Items/S377_1_section5.html
+
DNA Base Stacking
Pi
orbitals overlap in
benzene
Alternating
single and
double bonds
Pi conjugation
Very stable electrons (e-)
have more freedom of
movement
18
+
DNA Base Stacking
Bases
19
+Structure of DNA
Base
pairs are
perpendicular to
backbone
Movement
of bases
together tilts the backbone
by 30
20
+Structure of DNA
Creates
21
an uneven
twist
Major
B-DNA
+
Stability of DNA
Stability
helix
Has
22
+
Stability of DNA
Stability
23
helix
H-bonding
+
Terminology
DNA
Oligonucleotide
molecule
DNA
synthesized by polymerases
DNA
digested by nucleases
24
+Structure of RNA
RNA
Not
25
+Structure of RNA
26
Can
tRNA
rRNA of small
ribosome
http://rna.ucsc.edu/rnacenter/images/figs/
thermus_16s_2ndry.jpg
27
Essential
Biochemistry
Third Edition
Charlotte W. Pratt | Kathleen Cornely
28
Genome
Bacterial
Human
1000x
genome = 4 billion bp
as large as E. coli
But 8x genes: 30,000 (us) vs. 4,000 (E. coli).
E. coli genes use less DNA sequence
About 1000 bases in typical bacterial gene
3000 to 2.4 million in human gene
A sugar
Phosphate groups on 5
carbon
5 phosphate of one
nucleotide links to 3 OH of
previous nucleotide
Base
attached to sugar
29
30
Nucleic acid
Information
Information
in the
order of bases
DNA:
Adenine,
Guanine,
Cytosine, Thymine
RNA:
Adenine, Guanine,
Cytosine, Uracil
+
B-type DNA Helix
DNA
31
Contains
+DNA Coiling
32
DNA
+DNA Packing
33
Nucleoid of E. coli
Circle of dsDNA 1500x the
size of the cell
Multiple
proteins
Each
(T)
(W)
Linking
number (L)
L=T+W
Writhe
34
35
supercoils
Supercoils
in left-handed direction
Winding more frequent
Overwinding
Harder to unwind
supercoils
Supercoils
in right-handed direction
Winding less frequent
Underwinding
Supercoils
twist DNA
36
I Topoisomerases
Alter Twist
Energy released
37
II Topoisomerases
Make
double-strand break
Requires energy
ATP hydrolysis
Can relieve both (+) and (-)
supercoiling
Alter Writhe
DNA gyrase (prokaryotes)
Introduces more (-) supercoiling
Eukaryotes maintain (-)
supercoiling by wrapping DNA
around nucleosomes
38
topoisomerases
Increases
linking number
Results in positive supercoils
Harder to unwind
More resistant to stress
39
+DNA replication
Semiconservative
Semi
40
replication
Copies
double-stranded DNA
Polymerize new strand complementary to each
melted single-strand
+Replication Fork
Where
Begins
Begins
cells
41
+Replication Models
Locomotive
model of replication
Replication
Factory
model of replication
Replication
Fluorescent
foci:
stationary
DNA
synthesis
42
+ DNA Replication
DNA
polymerase synthesizes 5 to 3
Reads
3 to 5
3 OH of last nt attacks P of incoming nt
Breaks phosphoanhydride bond of dNTP; forms
phosphodiester bond in DNA
G0
Irreversible due to hydrolysis of PPi
Must
43
+
Obstacles to DNA Polymerase
Can
Needs
3-OH to build on
Solution
Use
44
+
Obstacles to DNA Polymerase
DNA
45
is antiparallel
No
leading strand
continuously
Synthesize lagging strand
discontinously
Form Okazaki fragments
(100-200 nt in humans)
46
47
DNA Replication
Helicase
Topoisomerase
Helicase
+ Sliding
E. coli
Clamp
48
Human