CAMBRIDGE SECONDARY ONE SCIENCE

CHAPTER 11: THE EARTH AND BEYOND

Page 1

11.1 DAY AND NIGHT

The Sun appears to move across the sky

during the day, from east to west. This
happens because the Earth is spinning,
from west to east.
The Earth spins around on its axis, once
every day. Therefore, half of the Earth that
is in daylight (facing the Sun) will
eventually experience night-time.
Page 2

11.1 DAY AND NIGHT

Sun rises in the east and sets in the west

because the Earth spins from west to east

Page 3

11.1 DAY AND NIGHT

Half of the Earth that faces the Sun experiences daylight

Page 4

11.2 THE STARRY SKIES

The stars appear to move across the sky

during the night, from east to west
because the Earth is spinning from west
to east.
The brightest stars in the night sky form
patterns called constellation.

Page 5

11.2 THE STARRY SKIES

We see different constellations at

different
times of the year because the Earth
travels along its orbit around the Sun once
every year.

Page 6

11.2 THE STARRY SKIES

Constellations

Page 7

11.3 THE MOVING PLANETS

A planet is a large object that orbits a star.

All of the planets orbit the Sun in their own
orbit. The planets are held in their orbits
by the pulling force of the Suns gravity.
The Sun, all the orbiting planets and their
moons make up the solar system.

Page 8

11.3 THE MOVING PLANETS

The solar system

Page 9

11.3 THE MOVING PLANETS

Types of planets

Rocky planets (surfaces made of

rock)

Gas giants (made of frozen carbon

dioxide)

- The 4 planets closest to the Sun

(Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars)
- Warmest planets

- The 4 planets further from the

Sun (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune)
- Big, cold planets

Page 10

11.4 SEEING STARS AND PLANETS

The stars produce their own light and

heat.
The Sun is a star which is much closer to
us than other stars. This makes the Sun
much brighter and dangerous to look as
its
light can blind you.
We see the stars because their light travel
through space and enters our eyes. Page 11

11.4 SEEING STARS AND PLANETS

Planets are not sources of light. We see

the planets because they reflect sunlight
into our eyes.

How we see planet

Page 12

11.5 THE MOON AND ITS PHASES

The Moon is a rocky object which orbits

around the Earth.
The phase of the Moon changes as it
orbit around the Earth because we see it
from different angles.

Page 13

11.5 THE MOON AND ITS PHASES

It takes about a month for the Moon to

complete an orbit around the Earth. Thus,
the Moon takes a month to show all its
phases.
We see the Moon because it reflects
sunlight.

Page 14

11.5 THE MOON AND ITS PHASES

When the Moon is in the same

direction as the Sun, its dark side
faces the Earth. This is when we
see a new Moon

When the Moon is in the opposite

direction to the Sun, its sunlit side
faces the Earth. We see a full Moon

Phases of the Moon

Page 15

11.6 A REVOLUTION IN ASTRONOMY

In the geocentric (geos = Earth in Greek)

model, the Sun, Moon and planets orbit
the Earth.
In the heliocentric (helios = Sun in
Greek)
model, the eight planets including the
Earth, orbit the Sun.
Page 16

11.6 A REVOLUTION IN ASTRONOMY

Geocentric model

Heliocentric model
Page 17

11.7 400 YEARS OF ASTRONOMY

The Universe consists of all the matter

and energy that exist. It is continuously
expanding.
The Universe is made up of billions of
galaxies. Each galaxy is made up of
billions of stars.
Our solar system is in a spiral galaxy
called Milky Way.
Page 18

11.8 JOURNEY INTO SPACE

Rockets provide the force needed to lift

a
a spacecraft into space.
Despite the difficulties and dangers of
space travel, astronauts have visited the
Moon.

Page 19

11.8 JOURNEY INTO SPACE

Video on rocket:

Page 20

Page 21