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Z 2 [ p(1 p)]
d2
p = estimated prevalence
(percentage)
q = 1-p
Z = critical value for 95% CI=
1.96
d = allowable error
n = sample size
Error
Suppose, the survey wants to
estimate the true prevalence of a
disease in population
The estimate we get from the survey
will be within +/- d% of the true
prevalence
Example
A survey is to estimate prevalence of
influenza virus infection in school
kids
Suppose the available evidence
suggests that approximately 20%
(P=20) of the children will have
antibodies to the virus
Assume the investigator wants to
estimate the prevalence within 6% of
the true value (6% is called allowable
error; d)
Example
Suppose an investigator has some
evidence suggests that the standard
deviation of rat weight is about 455 g
He wishes to provide an estimate
within 80 g of the true average (80 g
is the allowable error; d)
Example
The required sample size is
n = (1.96) 2 x (455)2
/ (80)2 =
129.39
Thus approximately 130 rats would
be needed.
( Pc Qc ) ( PeQe )
2
nC
2
2
(d )
d
C : Constant
alpha
0.05
0.01
7.85 11.68
Example 1
The research question is whether
smokers have a greater incidence of
skin cancer than nonsmokers
A review of previous literature
suggests that the incidence of skin
cancer is about 0.2 in nonsmokers
At alpha=0.05, and power=80%, how
many smokers and nonsmokers will
need to be studied to determine
whether skin cancer incidence is at
least 0.3 in smokers?
Example 2
Example
Pe = 0.3, Pc = 0.2
( Pc Qc ) ( PeQe )
2
nC
2
2
(d )
d
(0.3 0.7) (0.2 0.8)
2
n 7.85
2
2
(0.1)
0.1
Example
The research question is to compare the
efficacy of DRUG A and DRUG B in the
treatment of asthma
The outcome variable is FEV1 (forced
expiratory in 1 second) 1 hour after treatment
A previous study has reported that the mean
FEV1 in persons with treated asthma was 2.0
litres, with a standard deviation of 1.0 litre
The investigator would like to be able to
detect a difference of 10% or more in mean
FEV1 between the two treatment groups
Example
Example
S=1
d = 10% of 2 litre = 0.2 litre
1
n 1 2 7.85
0.2
s
n 1 2C
d