NAME:-CHAUHAN CHIRAG

EN.NO:-130070109008
SUBJECT:-E.E.E
TOPIC NAME:BATTERIES
SUB. TEACHER:-G.K SHARMA SIR

CONTENTS
Electric Cell & How the cell is

formed
E.M.F. developed in a Cell
Types of Cells
Important terms of a Cell
Grouping of Cells
Examples

CONTENTS
Battery
Lead- Acid Battery
Construction of lead-acid battery
Working principles of lead-acid battery
Chemical action during discharging
Chemical action during charging
Charge indicators
Hydrometer

CONTENTS
Charging of lead-acid battery
Care and maintenance of lead-acid battery
Applications of lead-acid battery
Nickel- Iron Cell
Advantages & disadvantages of Nickel-Iron

Cell
Nickel-Cadmium Cell
Advantages & disadvantages
Silver Oxide Cell
Solar Cell

What is a Cell ?
A cell is a source of electrical energy

(d.c. supply). The e.m.f. and current

supplied by a single cell is very small.
For instant, the e.m.f. is 1.5 V and
current to be supplied is 125 mA. So to
obtain higher voltage and current , a
number of cells are connected in series,
parallel or series-parallel combination.
Such combination of cells is known as
battery.

ELECTRIC CELL

A source of e.m.f. (d.c.) in which

chemical energy is converted into
electrical energy is called an electric
cell.

Forming of a cell
An electric cell consists of the following :
1.Two metal plates (electrodes) of
different materials. So that different
potentials are build up when chemical
action takes place on them.
2.A suitable solution (electrolyte) such
as acid or salt solution. The solution
must be capable to react chemically
with two electrodes.

E.M.F. developed in a cell

When the two electrodes are immersed
in the electrolyte, different chemical
actions takes place on them and a
potential
difference
is
produced
between them.
The magnitude of e.m.f. of a
cell depends upon :
1.
nature and material of the
plates used as electrodes
2.
nature or type of electrolyte
used

TYPES OF CELLS
Electric cells may be of two types
1.Primary cells :
The cell in which chemical
action is not reversible are called as primary
cells. e.g. voltaic cell, denial cell, dry cell etc.
In this type,
during discharging one of
the plate is
consumed which can not
recovered by reversing the direction of flow
of current. In this case cell is not recharged.
Thus chemical action is not reversible. So
primary cells are expansive source of energy.

TYPES OF CELLS
2. Secondary

cells : The cells in which

chemical action is reversible are called
secondary cells e.g. lead acid cell, nickel
iron cell, nickel cadmium cell etc.
In these cells, no electrode is consumed
during discharging, however chemical
composition of the plates is changed.
When the direction of flow of current is
reversed, the plates regain their original
composition. Thus the cells can be
recharged. That why the are called as
storage cells.

IMPORTANT TERMS OF A CELL

E

Electromotive force : The energy supplied by a

cell to one coulomb of charge is called e.m.f. It
is the potential difference between two
electrodes.
Internal Resistance : The opposition offered to
the flow of current by the internal composition
of the cell itself is called internal resistance.
Terminal voltage : The potential difference
across the terminals of the cells at load is
called terminal voltage.
Thus
V=EIxr

Grouping of Cells
A single cell can supply a very small
current at low voltage. Generally, to
operate electrical and electronic
circuits, a large current at high
voltage is required. Therefore, a
number of cells are connected in :
1.Series grouping
2.Parallel grouping
3.Series- parallel grouping

What is a Battery ?
A series, parallel or series-parallel grouping of
cells is called a battery.
Generally, a cell can deliver a small current at
low voltage.
If higher voltage is required- a battery containing
number of cells connected in series.
If higher current is required a battery
containing number of cells connected in parallel.
If large current at high voltage is required- a
battery containing number of cells in series and
further connected in parallel.
Usually a no. of cells connected in series placed in
single container is called a battery.

LEAD ACID BATTERY

A lead acid battery consists of the following
parts
Container
Plates
Separator
Electrolyte
Battery cover
Vent pipes
Inter cell connector
Cell terminals

CONTAINER
It is the outer body of the battery. It is
made of hard rubber or plastic material
and is sealed at the top to prevent
spilling of the electrolyte. A large space
is left at the bottom of the container so
that the sediment that drops from the
plate are collected here and may not
short circuit the positive and negative
plates.

PLATES
Generally, alloy of lead sheets covered
with lead peroxide are used as
electrodes. To increase the capacity of
the battery a large numbers of plates
in each cell is used. The numbers of
positive and negative plates (i.e.
11,13, 15 or 17) of each cell are
alternatively placed and sandwiched
with an insulator called separator. A
separate compartment is provided for
each cell in the battery container.

SEPARATOR
To reduce the internal resistance of
the cell and to save the space, the
plates are placed very close to each
other. To prevent touching of plates
with each other, they are separated
by a rubber sheet having large
number of small holes called
separator.

ELECTROLYTE

Dilute sulphuric acid is used as an

electrolyte in lead acid batteries.
Sulphuric acid is added to water in
such a proportion that with a fully
charged battery, its specific gravity
is about 1.28 to 1.29.

BATTERY COVER

Each cell compartment is covered

usually with a molded hard rubber and
the joints between cover and container
are sealed with an acid resistant
material. In each cell cover openings
are provided- two for positive and
negative terminals and third for vent.

INTER CELL CONNECTOR

The cells placed in the same

container are connected in series
with a lead alloy link called inter
cell connector.

CELL TERMINALS

Each cell has two terminals which are

made of lead. The positive terminal
of the battery is marked with a red
color or by a large positive (+) sign.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LEAD

ACID BATTERY
When a lead acid cell is ready for use, its
positive plate is of lead peroxide (PbO 2)chocolate brown in color and negative plate
is of spongy lead (Pb)- grey in color. Both
the plates are immersed in a dilute
sulphuric acid of specific gravity 1.28. When
the load is connected across the terminals
of the cell, it starts delivering current to the
load and this process is called as
discharging of cell. In this process chemical
energy is converted into electrical energy.

CAPACITY OF A BATTERY
The quantity of electricity which a
battery can deliver during single
discharge until its terminal voltage
falls to 1.8 V per cell is called the
capacity of a battery.
The capacity of battery or cell is
expressed in ampere-hours and
denoted by AH.

CHARGE INDICATION
A fully charged battery has a specific
gravity of 1.28. However when it falls to
1.15, the battery is fully discharged. To get
good life of battery keep the specific
gravity more than 1.18.
Specific gravity
Condition
1.280 to 1.290 100 % charged
1.230 to 1.250 75 % charged
1.190 to 1.200 50 % charged
1.150 to 1.160 25 % charged
Below 1.130
Fully discharged

HYDROMETER
To check the specific gravity of sulphuric acid ,
an instrument called hydrometer is used.
Which works on Archmedeies principle.
However the state of battery can be checked
by checking :
1.Voltage : When the terminal voltage is 2.1 to
2.5 V per cell, the battery is fully charged. But
when it become 1.8 V per cell, the battery is
fully discharged.
2.Colors of plates : When battery is fully charged
, the anode is of chocolate color and cathode is
of grey color. When battery is fully discharged
the color of both plates is whitish.

CHARGING OF LEAD ACID

BATTERY

When terminal voltage falls below 1.8 V

per cell, Battery is put under recharging.
The following steps must be kept in mind
while charging :
1.Only d.c. voltage source is applied.
2.Positive terminal of battery is connected
with positive terminal of source and
negative with negative.
3.Charging voltage of source should be 2.5
V per cell
4.The charging current should be 1 A

Working Principle of Lead Acid Battery.mp4