Struktur Virus

RNA Tumor Viruses

nucleocapsid

Virion
envelope
enveloped
virus

capsomeres

avirion

Nucleocapsid

(anucleocapsidwithout
agenomeisacapsid)

The Central Dogma

replication
transcription

processing

translation

cells can make exact copies of DNA

DNA encodes all of the information necessary
for cellular functions
RNA is made from a DNA template and
functions in protein synthesis
proteins are translated from messenger RNA
and carry out cellular functions

GENOM KROMOSOM GEN

KROMOSOM DAN DNA

Chemical Basis of Life

Molecule

Building Block

DNA

Nucleotides

RNA

Nucleotides

Protein

Amino Acids

Lipid

Fatty Acids

Carbohydrate Sugars

Major Function
Hereditary
Material
Protein
Synthesis
Cell Structure
and Function
Membrane
Component
Energy
Production

ASAM NUKLEAT
DNA dan RNA
Polimer/Polinukleotida
Monomer
: nukleotida
Komponen : gula, fosfat, basa

DNA
Tulang punggung :
Fosfat-gula
Basa dalam untai
Antiparalel
Polaritas :
53 vs 35
Komplemen :
Pasangan basa
(C=O dan N-H basa
antar polinukleotida)
Ikatan fosfodiester
(antar nukleotida)

DNA:
2 long polynucleotide chains = strands
Each strand = sugar-phosphate backbone
held together by covalent bonds
2 chains held together by H bonds between
the nitrogenous bases
4 bases A, G, C, T
Strands have a chemical polarity 5 and 3
ends

covalent bonds
H bonds

polarity;
antiparallel

= is wider

10 nucleotides per
helical turn = 34

Nucleotides
nucleotides are the building
blocks of nucleic acids
ribose + base + 5' phosphate
5 different bases

adenine (A)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
thymine (T)
uracil (U)

DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA = ribonucleic acid

DNA
thymine (T)
double
stranded

vs

RNA
2' oxygen
uracil (U)
single
stranded

STRUKTUR KIMIA NUKLEOTIDA

PENYUSUN ASAM NUKLEAT

Basa
N

Gula
ribosa

Nucleic Acid
Structure
nucleic acids are polymers
of nucleotides
nucleotides linked through
phosphate bonds
strand has polarity5'-PO4
and 3'-OH ends
order of the nucleotides
defines a sequence
4 letter alphabet

STRUKTUR ASAM NUKLEAT

STRUKTUR BASA NUKLEOTIDA

Purin

Pirimidin

Double
Strands
specific base pairing
A and T
G and C
hydrogen bonds
anti-parallel (5'-3')
complementary strands
template for synthesis

PASANGAN BASA NUKLEOTIDA

Chromosome

Replication

unfolding of chromosomes, DNA

replication, and refolding
chromosomal duplication
sister chromatids
joined at centromeres

DNA Replication
the DNA strands are separated
each strand serves as template
complementary strands are
synthesized (5'3')
yields 2 identical DNA molecules
semi-conservative replication

carried out by cellular proteins

(= enzymes)
complex process involving
many proteins
DNA polymerase

REPLIKASI DNA

PEMANJANGAN ASAM NUKLEAT

DNA Polymerase
Activity
'replication fork' moves
along DNA
leading strand
lagging strand

numerous replication
forks act simultaneously

REPLIKASI DNA

TRANSLASI RNA

HUBUNGAN TRANSKRIPSI DAN TRANSLASI

Chromosomes
genomic DNA is very long
humans, 6 x 109 bp
~1.8 meters total length
total length reduced via
associates with proteins
individual DNA molecules
condensed into chromosomes
humans have 22 pairs + X/X
or X/Y (ie, diploid)

Mitosis

DNA synthesis
chromosomal duplication
separation of sister chromatids
cell division (cytokinesis) results
in 2 identical daughter cells
somatic cell reproduction
asexual process
sexual reproduction involves
germ line cells
oogenesis (egg formation)
spermatogenesis (sperm formation)

Meiosis
two consecutive rounds of
cell division
meiosis I
DNA replication (2n4n)
separation of chromosome
pairs (4n2n)
meiosis II
no DNA replication
separation of chromatids
(2n1n)
fertilization (1n2n)

Recombination
independent chromosome
assortment
2n possible variants
'crossing-over'
recombination between
homologous chromosomes
at least once per
chromosome pair
positions ~ random

Genes and Alleles

gene = unit of information (~protein)
locus = physical location on a chromosome
allele = different molecular forms (ie,
sequence) of a gene
homozygous = same allele on both
chromosomes
heterozygous = different alleles on
chromosome pairs
genotype = genetic makeup
(ie, total genes)
phenotype = observable traits