Chapter 6

Financial Statement
Analysis
6-1

Financial
Statement Analysis
Financial
A

Statements

Possible Framework for Analysis

Ratio

Analysis

Trend

Analysis

Common-Size
6-2

and Index Analysis

Examples of External Uses

of Statement Analysis
Trade

Creditors -- Focus on the

liquidity of the firm.

Bondholders

-- Focus on the
long-term cash flow of the firm.

Shareholders

-- Focus on the
profitability and long-term health of
the firm.

6-3

Examples of Internal Uses

of Statement Analysis

Plan -- Focus on assessing the current

financial position and evaluating
potential firm opportunities.

Control -- Focus on return on investment

for various assets and asset efficiency.

Understand -- Focus on understanding

how suppliers of funds analyze the firm.

6-4

Primary Types of
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet

A summary of a firms financial position on

a given date that shows total assets = total
liabilities + owners equity.

Income Statement

6-5

A summary of a firms revenues and

expenses over a specified period, ending
with net income or loss for the period.

Basket Wonders Balance

Sheet (Asset Side)
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 19X3a
Cash and C.E.
$
90
a. How the firm stands on
Acct. Rec.c
394
a specific date.
Inventories 696 Prepaid Exp d b. What BW owned.
5 Accum Tax Prepay c. Amounts owed by
10
customers.
Current Assetse
d. Future expense items
f
$1,195 Fixed Assets (@Cost)
already paid.
g
1030 Less: Acc. Depr.
e. Cash/likely convertible
(329) Net Fix. Assets $ 701
to cash within 1 year.
Investment, LT
50 Other
Assets, LT
223 Total f. Original amount paid.
g. Acc. deductions for
b
Assets
$2,169
wear and tear.
6-6

Basket Wonders Balance

Sheet (Liability Side)
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 19X3
Notes Payable
$
290
a. Note, Assets =
Acct. Payablec
94
Liabilities + Equity.
Accrued Taxes d
16 Other
b. What BW owed and
Accrued Liab. d
100
ownership position.
Current Liab. e $ 500
c. Owed to suppliers for
Long-Term Debt f 530
goods and services.
Shareholders Equity
d. Unpaid wages, salaries,
Com. Stock ($1 par) g
200
etc.
Add Pd in Capital g 729
e. Debts payable < 1 year.
Retained Earnings h
210 f. Debts payable > 1 year.
Total Equity
$1,139 g. Original investment.
a,b $2,169
h. Earnings reinvested.
6-7 Total Liab/Equity

Basket Wonders
Income Statement
Basket Wonders Statement of Earnings (in thousands)
for Year Ending December 31, 19X3a
Net Sales
$ 2,211 Cost of
Goods Sold b 1,599
Gross Profit $
612 SG&A
Expenses c
402
EBITd
$
210
Interest Expensee
59
EBT f $
151 Income
Taxes
60 EATg
$
91 Cash Dividends
38 Increase in RE
$
53
6-8

a. Measures profitability
over a time period.
b. Received, or receivable,
from customers.
c. Sales comm., adv.,
officers salaries, etc.
d. Operating income.
e. Cost of borrowed funds.
f. Taxable income.
g. Amount earned for
shareholders.

Framework for
Financial Analysis
Trend / Seasonal Component

1. Analysis of the funds

needs of the firm.

How much funding will be

required in the future?
Is there a seasonal
component?

Analytical Tools Used

Sources and Uses Statement
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash Budgets
6-9

Framework for
Financial Analysis
Health of a Firm
1. Analysis of the funds
needs of the firm.
2. Analysis of the financial
condition and profitability
of the firm.

6-10

Financial Ratios
1.
2.
3.
4.

Individually
Over time
In combination
In comparison

Framework for
Financial Analysis

1. Analysis of the funds

needs of the firm.
2. Analysis of the financial
condition and profitability
of the firm.
3. Analysis of the business
risk of the firm.

Business risk relates to

the risk inherent in the
operations of the firm.
Examples:
Volatility in sales
Volatility in costs
Proximity to break-even
point

6-11

Framework for
Financial Analysis

1. Analysis of the funds

needs of the firm.
2. Analysis of the financial
condition and profitability
of the firm.
3. Analysis of the business
risk of the firm.

6-12

Determining
the
financing
needs of
the firm.

A Financial
Manager
must
consider all
three jointly
when
determining
the
financing
needs of the
firm.

Framework for
Financial Analysis

1. Analysis of the funds

needs of the firm.
2. Analysis of the financial
condition and profitability
of the firm.
3. Analysis of the business
risk of the firm.

6-13

Determining
the
financing
needs of
the firm.

Negotiations
with
suppliers of
capital.

Use of Financial Ratios

A Financial Ratio is
an index that relates
two accounting
numbers and is
obtained by dividing
one number by the
other.
6-14

Types of
Comparisons
Internal
Comparisons
External
Comparisons

External Comparisons and

Sources of Industry Ratios
This involves
comparing the ratios
of one firm with those
of similar firms or with
industry averages.
Similarity is important
as one should
compare apples to
apples.
6-15

Examples:
Robert Morris
Associates
Dun & Bradstreet
Almanac of
Business and
Industrial
Financial Ratios

Liquidity Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratios

Current

Liquidity Ratios

Current Assets
Current Liabilities

Shows a firms ability

to cover its current
liabilities with its
current assets.
6-16

For Basket Wonders

December 31, 19X3

$1,195 = 2.39
$500

Liquidity Ratio
Comparisons
Current Ratio
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

2.39

2.15

19X2

2.26

2.09

19X1

1.91

2.01

Ratio is stronger than the industry average.

6-17

Liquidity Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratios

Acid-Test (Quick)

Liquidity Ratios

Current Assets - Inv

Current Liabilities

Shows a firms
ability to meet
current liabilities
with its most liquid
assets.
6-18

For Basket Wonders

December 31, 19X3

$1,195 - $696 = 1.00

$500

Liquidity Ratio
Comparisons
Acid-Test Ratio
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

1.00

1.25

19X2

1.04

1.23

19X1

1.11

1.25

Ratio is weaker than the industry average.

6-19

Summary of the Liquidity

Ratio Comparisons
Ratio
BW
Current
2.39
Acid-Test1.00

Industry
2.15
1.25

Strong current ratio and weak acid-test

ratio indicates a potential problem in the
inventories account.

Note that this industry has a relatively

high level of inventories.

6-20

Current Ratio -- Trend

Analysis Comparison
Trend Analysis of Current Ratio
2.5
Ratio Value

2.3
2.1
1.9
1.7
1.5
19X1
6-21

BW
Industry

19X2
Analysis Year

19X3

Acid-Test Ratio -- Trend

Analysis Comparison
Trend Analysis of Acid-Test Ratio

Ratio Value

1.5
1.3

0.8
0.5
19X1

6-22

BW
Industry

1.0

19X2
Analysis Year

19X3

Summary of the Liquidity

Trend Analyses

The current ratio for BW has been rising

at the same time the acid-test ratio has
been declining.

The current ratio for the industry has

been rising slowly at the same time the
acid-test ratio has been relatively stable.

This indicates that inventories are a

significant problem for BW.
BW

6-23

Financial Leverage Ratios

Balance Sheet Ratios
Financial Leverage
Ratios

Show the extent to

which the firm is
financed by debt.
6-24

Debt-to-Equity
Total Debt
Shareholders Equity
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$1,030 = .90
$1,139

Financial Leverage
Ratio Comparisons
Debt-to-Equity Ratio

6-25

Year

BW

Industry

19X3

.90

.90

19X2

.88

.90

19X1

.81

.89

BW has average debt utilization

relative to the industry average.

Financial Leverage Ratios

Balance Sheet Ratios
Financial Leverage
Ratios

Show the percentage

of the firms assets
that are supported by
debt financing.
6-26

Debt-to-Total-Assets
Total Debt
Total Assets
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$1,030 = .47
$2,169

Financial Leverage
Ratio Comparisons
Debt-to-Total-Asset Ratio

6-27

Year

BW

Industry

19X3

.47

.47

19X2

.47

.47

19X1

.45

.47

BW has average debt utilization

relative to the industry average.

Financial Leverage Ratios

Balance Sheet Ratios

Total Capitalization

Financial Leverage
Ratios

Total Debt
Total Capitalization

Show the relative

importance of long-term
debt to the long-term
financing of the firm.
6-28

(i.e., LT-Debt + Equity)

For Basket Wonders

December 31, 19X3

$1,030 = .62
$1,669

Financial Leverage
Ratio Comparisons
Total Capitalization Ratio
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

.62

.60

19X2

.62

.61

19X1

.67

.62

BW has average long-term debt utilization

relative to the industry average.
6-29

Coverage Ratios
Income Statement
Ratios
Coverage Ratios

Indicates a firms
ability to cover
interest charges.
6-30

Interest Coverage
EBIT
Interest Charges
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$210 = 3.56
$59

Coverage
Ratio Comparisons
Interest Coverage Ratio
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

3.56

5.19

19X2

4.35

5.02

19X1

10.30

4.66

BW has below average interest coverage

relative to the industry average.
6-31

Coverage Ratio -- Trend

Analysis Comparison
Trend Analysis of Interest Coverage Ratio
11.0

Ratio Value

9.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
19X1
6-32

BW
Industry

19X2
Analysis Year

19X3

Summary of the Coverage

Trend Analysis

6-33

The interest coverage ratio for BW has

been falling since 19X1. It has been
below industry averages for the past
two years.
This indicates that low earnings (EBIT)
may be a potential problem for BW.
BW
Note, we know that debt levels are in
line with the industry averages.

Activity Ratios
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet
Ratios
Activity Ratios
Indicates quality of
receivables and how
successful the firm is in
its collections.
6-34

Receivable Turnover
(Assume all sales are credit sales.)

Annual Net Credit Sales

Receivables
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$2,211 = 5.61
$394

Activity Ratios
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet
Ratios
Activity Ratios
Average number of days
that receivables are
outstanding.
(or RT in days)
6-35

Avg Collection Period

Days in the Year
Receivable Turnover
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

365
5.61

= 65 days

Activity
Ratio Comparisons
Average Collection Period
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

65.0

65.7

19X2

71.1

66.3

19X1

83.6

69.2

BW has improved the average collection

period to that of the industry average.
6-36

Activity Ratios
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet
Ratios
Activity Ratios
Indicates the
promptness of payment
to suppliers by the firm.
6-37

Payable Turnover (PT)

(Assume annual credit
purchases = $1,551.)

Annual Credit Purchases

Accounts Payable
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$1551
= 16.5
$94

Activity Ratios
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet
Ratios
Activity Ratios
Average number of days
that payables are
outstanding.
6-38

PT in Days
Days in the Year
Payable Turnover
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

365
16.5

= 22.1 days

Activity
Ratio Comparisons
Payable Turnover in Days
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

22.1

46.7

19X2

25.4

51.1

19X1

43.5

48.5

BW has improved the PT in Days.

6-39

Is this good?

Activity Ratios
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet
Ratios
Activity Ratios
Indicates the
effectiveness of the
inventory management
practices of the firm.

6-40

Inventory Turnover
Cost of Goods Sold
Inventory
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$1,599 = 2.30
$696

Activity
Ratio Comparisons
Inventory Turnover Ratio
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

2.30

3.45

19X2

2.44

3.76

19X1

2.64

3.69

BW has a very poor inventory turnover ratio.

6-41

Inventory Turnover Ratio

--Trend Analysis
Comparison

Trend Analysis of Inventory Turnover Ratio

Ratio Value

4.0
3.5
3.0

BW
Industry

2.5
2.0
19X1

19X2
Analysis Year

6-42

19X3

Activity Ratios
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet
Ratios
Activity Ratios
Indicates the overall
effectiveness of the firm
in utilizing its assets to
generate sales.

6-43

Total Asset Turnover

Net Sales
Total Assets
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$2,211 = 1.02
$2,169

Activity
Ratio Comparisons
Total Asset Turnover Ratio
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

1.02

1.17

19X2

1.03

1.14

19X1

1.01

1.13

BW has a weak total asset turnover ratio.

6-44

Why is this ratio considered weak?

Profitability Ratios
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet
Ratios
Profitability Ratios
Indicates the efficiency
of operations and firm
pricing policies.
6-45

Gross Profit Margin

Gross Profit
Net Sales
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$612 = .277
$2,211

Profitability
Ratio Comparisons
Gross Profit Margin
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

27.7%

31.1%

19X2

28.7

30.8

19X1

31.3

27.6

BW has a weak Gross Profit Margin.

6-46

Gross Profit Margin -Trend Analysis Comparison

Trend Analysis of Gross Profit Margin

Ratio Value (%)

35.0
32.5
30.0

BW
Industry

27.5
25.0
19X1

19X2
Analysis Year

6-47

19X3

Profitability Ratios
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet
Ratios
Profitability Ratios
Indicates the firms
profitability after taking
account of all expenses
and income taxes.

6-48

Net Profit Margin

Net Profit after Taxes
Net Sales
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$91 = .041
$2,211

Profitability
Ratio Comparisons
Net Profit Margin
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

4.1%

8.2%

19X2

4.9

8.1

19X1

9.0

7.6

BW has a poor Net Profit Margin.

6-49

Net Profit Margin -Trend Analysis Comparison

Trend Analysis of Net Profit Margin

Ratio Value (%)

10
9
8
7

BW
Industry

6
5
4
19X1

19X2
Analysis Year

6-50

19X3

Profitability Ratios
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet
Ratios
Profitability Ratios
Indicates the profitability
on the assets of the firm
(after all expenses and
taxes).
6-51

Return on Investment
Net Profit after Taxes
Total Assets
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$91 = .042
$2,160

Profitability
Ratio Comparisons
Return on Investment
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

4.2%

9.8%

19X2

5.0

9.1

19X1

9.1

10.8

BW has a poor Return on Investment.

6-52

Return on Investment -Trend Analysis Comparison

Trend Analysis of Return on Investment

Ratio Value (%)

12
10
8

BW
Industry

6
4
19X1

19X2
Analysis Year

6-53

19X3

Profitability Ratios
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet
Ratios
Profitability Ratios
Indicates the profitability
to the shareholders of
the firm (after all
expenses and taxes).
6-54

Return on Equity
Net Profit after Taxes
Shareholders Equity
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 19X3

$91 = .08
$1,139

Profitability
Ratio Comparisons
Return on Equity
Year

BW

Industry

19X3

8.0%

17.9%

19X2

9.4

17.2

19X1

16.6

20.4

BW has a poor Return on Equity.

6-55

Return on Equity -Trend Analysis Comparison

Trend Analysis of Return on Equity

Ratio Value (%)

21.0
17.5
14.0

BW
Industry

10.5
7.0
19X1

19X2
Analysis Year

6-56

19X3

Return on Investment and

the Du Pont Approach
Earning Power = Sales profitability X
Asset efficiency
ROI = Net profit margin X
Total asset turnover

ROI19X3

= .041 x 1.02 = .042 or 4.2%

ROIIndustry = .082 x 1.17 = .098 or 9.8%

6-57

Return on Equity and

the Du Pont Approach
Return On Equity = Net profit margin X
Total asset turnover X
Equity Multiplier
Total Assets
Equity Multiplier =
Shareholders Equity

ROE19X3

= .041 x 1.02 x 1.90 = .080

ROEIndustry = .082 x 1.17 x 1.88 = .179

6-58

Summary of the Profitability

Trend Analyses

The profitability ratios for BW have ALL

been falling since 19X1. Each has been
below the industry averages for the past
three years.

This indicates that COGS and

administrative costs may both be too high
and a potential problem for BW.
BW

Note, this result is consistent with the low

interest coverage ratio.

6-59

Summary of Ratio Analyses

6-60

Inventories are too high.

May be paying off creditors

(accounts payable) too soon.

COGS may be too high.

Selling, general, and

administrative costs may be too
high.

Common-size Analysis
An analysis of percentage
financial statements where all
balance sheet items are divided
by total assets and all income
statement items are divided by
net sales or revenues.
6-61

Basket Wonders Common

Size Balance Sheets
Regular (thousands of $)
Assets

19X2

19X3

19X1

19X2

19X3

Cash
AR
Inv
Other CA

148
283
322
10

100
410
616
14

90
394
696
15

12.10
23.14
26.33
0.82

4.89
20.06
30.14
0.68

4.15
18.17
32.09
0.69

Tot CA
Net FA
LT Inv
Other LT

763
349
0
111

1,140
631
50
223

1,195
701
50
223

62.39
28.54
0.00
9.08

55.77
30.87
2.45
10.91

55.09
32.32
2.31
10.28

1,223

2,044

2,169

100.0

100.0

100.0

Tot Assets
6-62

19X1

Common-Size (%)

Basket Wonders Common

Size Balance Sheets
Regular (thousands of $)
Liab+Equity

6-63

19X1

19X2

19X3

Common-Size (%)
19X1

19X2

19X3

Note Pay
Acct Pay
Accr Tax
Other Accr

290
81
13
15

295
94
16
100

290
94
16
100

23.71
6.62
1.06
1.23

14.43
4.60
0.78
4.89

13.37
4.33
0.74
4.61

Tot CL
LT Debt
Equity

399
150
674

505
453
1,086

500
530
1,139

32.62
12.26
55.11

24.71
22.16
53.13

23.05
24.44
52.51

Tot L+E

1,223

2,044

2,169

100.0

100.0

100.0

Basket Wonders Common

Size Income Statements
Regular (thousands of $)
19X1
Net Sales
COGS

19X2

19X3

Common-Size (%)
19X1

19X2

19X3

1,235
849

2,106
1,501

2,211
1,599

100.0
68.7

100.0
71.3

100.0
72.3

Gross Profit
Adm.

386
180

605
383

612
402

31.3
14.6

28.7
18.2

27.7
18.2

EBIT
Int Exp

206
20

222
51

210
59

16.7
1.6

10.5
2.4

9.5
2.7

EBT

186

171

151

15.1

8.1

6.8

EAT

112

103

91

9.1

4.9

4.1

Cash Div

50

50

50

4.0

2.4

2.3

6-64

Index Analyses
An analysis of percentage financial
statements where all balance sheet
or income statement figures for a
base year equal 100.0 (percent) and
subsequent financial statement
items are expressed as percentages
of their values in the base year.
6-65

Basket Wonders
Indexed Balance Sheets
Regular (thousands of $)
Assets

19X2

19X3

19X1

19X2

19X3

Cash
AR
Inv
Other CA

148
283
322
10

100
410
616
14

90
394
696
15

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

67.6
144.9
191.3
140.0

60.8
139.2
216.1
150.0

Tot CA
Net FA
LT Inv
Other LT

763
349
0
111

1,140
631
50
223

1,195
701
50
223

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

149.4
180.8
inf.
200.9

156.6
200.9
inf.
200.9

1,223

2,044

2,169

100.0

167.1

177.4

Tot Assets
6-66

19X1

Indexed (%)

Basket Wonders
Indexed Balance Sheets
Regular (thousands of $)
Liab+Equity

6-67

19X1

19X2

19X3

Indexed (%)
19X1

19X2

19X3

Note Pay
Acct Pay
Accr Tax
Other Accr

290
81
13
15

295
94
16
100

290
94
16
100

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

101.7
116.0
123.1
666.7

100.0
116.0
123.1
666.7

Tot CL
LT Debt
Equity

399
150
674

505
453
1,086

500
530
1,139

100.0
100.0
100.0

126.6
302.0
161.1

125.3
353.3
169.0

Tot L+E

1,223

2,044

2,169

100.0

167.1

177.4

Basket Wonders Indexed

Income Statements
Regular (thousands of $)
19X1
Net Sales
COGS

19X2

19X3

Indexed (%)
19X1

19X2

19X3

1,235
849

2,106
1,501

2,211
1,599

100.0
100.0

170.5
176.8

179.0
188.3

Gross Profit
Adm.

386
180

605
383

612
402

100.0
100.0

156.7
212.8

158.5
223.3

EBIT
Int Exp

206
20

222
51

210
59

100.0
100.0

107.8
255.0

101.9
295.0

EBT

186

171

151

100.0

91.9

81.2

EAT

112

103

91

100.0

92.0

81.3

Cash Div

50

50

50

100.0

100.0

100.0

6-68