CCNA 1 Chapter 7

TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP

Addressing
By
Your Name

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Objectives
Introduction to TCP/IP
Internet addresses
Obtaining an IP address

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

History and Future of TCP/IP

The U.S. Department of
Defense (DoD) created
the TCP/IP reference
model because it wanted
a network that could
survive any conditions.
Some of the layers in the
TCP/IP model have the
same name as layers in
the OSI model.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Application Layer
Handles high-level protocols, issues of
representation, encoding, and dialog control.
The TCP/IP protocol suite combines all
application related issues into one layer and
ensures this data is properly packaged before
passing it on to the next layer.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Application Layer Examples

Telnet Provides the capability to remotely
access another computer
File Transfer Protocol Download or upload files
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Works with the
World Wide Web

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Transport Layer
Five basic services:
Segmenting upper-layer application data
Establishing end-to-end operations
Sending segments from one end host to another
end host
Ensuring data reliability
Providing flow control

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Layer 4 Protocols

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Internet Layer
The purpose of the Internet layer is to send
packets from a network node and have them
arrive at the destination node independent of the
path taken.
Internet layer protocols:

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Network Access Layer

The network access layer
is concerned with all of
the issues that an IP
packet requires to
actually make a physical
link to the network media.
It includes the LAN and
WAN technology details,
and all the details
contained in the OSI
physical and data link
layers.
Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Comparing the OSI Model and TCP/IP

Model

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Similarities of the OSI and TCP/IP

models
Both have layers.
Both have application layers, though they
include very different services.
Both have comparable transport and network
layers.
Packet-switched, not circuit-switched,
technology is assumed.
Networking professionals need to know both
models.
Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Differences of the OSI and TCP/IP

models
TCP/IP combines the presentation and session
layer into its application layer.
TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical
layers into one layer.
TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer
layers.
TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not
always guarantee reliable delivery of packets as
the transport layer in the OSI model does.
Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Internet Architecture
Two computers, anywhere in the world, following
certain hardware, software, protocol
specifications, can communicate, reliably even
when not directly connected.
LANs are no longer scalable beyond a certain
number of stations or geographic separation.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Internet Addresses

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

IP Address as a
32-Bit Binary Number

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Binary and Decimal Conversion

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

IP Address Classes

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

IP Address Classes

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Hosts for Classes of

IP Addresses

Class A (24 bits for hosts) 224 - 2* = 16,777,214 maximum hosts

Class B (16 bits for hosts) 216 - 2* = 65,534 maximum hosts
Class C (8 bits for hosts) 28 - 2* = 254 maximum hosts
*

Subtracting the network and broadcast reserved address

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

IP Addresses as Decimal Numbers

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Network IDs and Broadcast

Addresses
An IP address such as 176.10.0.0 that has all binary 0s in
the host bit positions is reserved for the network address.

An IP address such as 176.10.255.255 that has all binary 1s

in the host bit positions is reserved for the broadcast
address.
Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Private Addresses

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Reserved Address Space

Network ID
Broadcast address
Hosts for classes of IP addresses

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Basics of Subnetting

Classical IP addressing
Subnetworks
Subnet mask
Boolean operations: AND, OR, and NOT
Performing the AND function

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Subnetworks
To create a subnet address, a network
administrator borrows bits from the original host
portion and designates them as the subnet field.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Subnetworks

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Subnet Mask
Determines which part of an IP address is the
network field and which part is the host field
Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask :
1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form.
2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the
address with all 1s.
3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s.
4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal
notation.
Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Subnet Mask

Subnet mask in decimal = 255.255.240.0

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Boolean Operations:
AND, OR, and NOT
AND is like multiplication.
OR is like addition.
NOT changes 1 to 0, and 0 to 1.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Performing the AND Function

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Range of Bits Needed to Create

Subnets

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Subnet Addresses

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Decimal Equivalents of 8-Bit

Patterns

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Creating a Subnet

Determining subnet mask size

Computing subnet mask and IP address
Computing hosts per subnetwork
Boolean AND operation
IP configuration on a network diagram
Host and subnet schemes
Private addresses

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Determining Subnet Mask Size

Class B address with 8 bits borrowed for the subnet

130.5.2.144 (8 bits borrowed for subnetting) routes to subnet
130.5.2.0 rather than just to network 130.5.0.0.
Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Determining Subnet Mask Size

Class C address 197.15.22.131 with a subnet
mask of 255.255.255.224 (3 bits borrowed)
11000101 00001111 00010110

100 00011

Network Field

Host
SN
Field

The address 197.15.22.131 would be on the

subnet 197.15.22.128.
Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Subnetting Example
with AND Operation

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

IP Configuration on a Network
Diagram

The router connects subnetworks and networks.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Host Subnet Schemes

The number of lost IP addresses with a Class C network

depends on the number of bits borrowed for subnetting.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

IPv4 versus IPv6

IP version 6 (IPv6) has been defined and
developed.
IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits
currently used in IPv4.
IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent
the 128 bits.
IPv4

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Obtaining an IP Address

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Obtaining an IP Address
Static addressing
Each individual device must be configured with an IP
address.

Dynamic addressing

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
DHCP initialization sequence
Function of the Address Resolution Protocol
ARP operation within a subnet

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Static Assignment of IP Addresses

Each individual device must be configured
with an IP address.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Reverse Address Resolution

Protocol (RARP)

The source initiates

a RARP request,
which helps it
detect its own IP
address.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

BOOTP IP
The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) operates in a
client/server environment and only requires a
single packet exchange to obtain IP information.
BOOTP packets can include the IP address, as
well as the address of a router, the address of a
server, and vendor-specific information.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Dynamic Host Configuration

Protocol
Allows a host to obtain an IP address using a
defined range of IP addresses on a DHCP
server.
As hosts come online, contact the DHCP server,
and request an address.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

DHCP Initialization Sequence

Client collects
DHCP offer
responses from
the server.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

ARP

ARP enables a computer

to find the MAC address
of the computer that is
associated with an IP
address.
Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

ARP Operation Within a Subnet

All devices on the network

receive the packet and pass to
network layer; only one device
responds with an ARP reply.

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

ARP Process

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Advanced ARP Concepts

Default gateway
Proxy ARP

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Default Gateway

A default gateway is the IP

address of the interface on the
router that connects to the
network segment on which the
source host is located.
Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

How ARP Sends Data to Remote

Networks

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com

Proxy ARP

Copyright 2003

www.ciscopress.com