Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PERTEMUAN - 8
4
1.
RURAL
TO
URBAN
NORTH
TO
SOUTH
2.
GLOBAL
URBANIZATION
AND
URBAN/REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
ISSUES
FORMAL
3.
TO
INFORMAL
4.
CITIES
TO
MEGACITIES
RURAL
World Population lived in Urban Area :
TO
a. Year of 1800 : 3,00%
URBAN
b. Year of 1950
: 29,00%
c. Shortly after 2000
: 50,00%
Figure 1
PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AREA
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
NORTH
TO
SOUTH
a. 1950 2050
The Urban population in third world countries will
have increase
16 times : - 200 million to 3,15 billion.
- Grows 140.000/day.
b. 2000 - 2010 The urban in Developing Countries will
be almost
Twice that of Developed Nations
Figure 2
PROJECTED URBAN POPULATION INCREASE
IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, 1950 - 2025
Developing
Countries
Developed
Countries
FORMAL TO INFORMAL
a. Migrants
illegal
b. Formal city is growing: 3 4%/year and Informal city is growing twice that rate.
c. 1/3 2/3 urban population lived inFigure
Illegal3Settlements
CITIES TO
MEGACITIES
a. 1970
b. 2000
Figure 4
: 4 Megacities only.
: 23 Megacities
TAHUN 2000
(us.$ <Billion)
Negara-negara
Industri Baru sebesar
65,17
Asia Timur : 7,08
Asia Tenggara : 19,04
China, Mongolia dan
negara-negara Asia
Tengah : 28,82
Negara-negara di Kep.
Pasific : 0,01
Total : 120,12 (2000)
147,22 (2001)
269,62 (2010)
TAHUN 2020
(us.$ Billion)
Negara-negara
Industri Baru
sebesar 212,39
Asia Timur : 34,76
Asia Tenggara :
99,45
China, Mongolia dan
negara-negara Asia
Tengah : 237,13
Negara-negara di
Kep. Pasific : 0,02
Total : 6.400,70 (2020)
METHODOLOGY
1. Forcasting-smoting Approach
a. A simple method has been used
by The World Bank.
b. A strong relation beetwen
Infrastructure and Percapita
Gross Domestic Product.
1. Income Approach
a. In general for every one
percent growth in percapita
income, countries need to
increase infrastructure stock
by one percent of GDP.
b. At the same time, the compo
sition of infrastructure stock
changes significantly as income
rises
US $ 6,400.70
(Billion)
DIPERLUKANURBAN
TEROBOSAN
BARU
UNTUK MEMECAHKANNYA
AND
REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
USER CHARGE
BETTERMENT LEVIES
Adalah tagihan modal utk
menutupi/membiayai investasi prasarana
Tujuan pungutan
Mendorong masyarakat yg mendapatkan
manfaat prasarana utk menanggung
biaya
Didasarkan atas jumlah area atau
besaran nilai taksiran manfaat yg
diperolehnya
Contoh : bea air irigasi
CONNECTION FEES
Adalah pungutan yang dilakukan
oleh perusahaan jasa pelayanan
kepada individu, misal air bersih,
telepon, sistem saluran
pembuangan kotoran
Tujuan untuk menutupi biaya yg
timbul akibat adanya tambahan
konsumen atas jaringan yg sudah
ada
PINJAMAN
Secara umum lebih pendek waktunya
dan relatif lebih mahal dibanding
obligasi
Bisa bersifat komersial atau non
komersial
Sumber : Pinjaman DN atau LN
OBLIGASI
Sumber dana : mobilisasi dana di
pasar modal
Bentuk dasar seperti pinjaman
yg dilakukan pemerintah
Jenis obligasi :
General obligation bonds
Revenue bonds
DEVELOPMENT EXACTION
Pungutan pada developer karena
pembangunan prasarana di lingkungan
(on site) area pembangunan, sbg salah
satu syarat sebelum pembangunan itu
dimulai.
Prasarana yg termasuk biasanya
adalah jalan, saluran air bersih dan
kotor, penerangan jalan, taman dsb nya.
EXCESS CONDEMNATION
Sejumlah tanah disisihkan utk
pembangunan prasarana, sisa tanah
dibangun developer utk dibangun
kawasan komersial, dan developer
berkewajiban utk membangun
prasarana tersebut.
Instrumen ini biasa dipakai utk
revitalisasi prasarana kawasan kumuh
LINKAGE
Developer diminta membangun
prasarana di daerah tertentu utk
mendapatkan ijin pengembangan di
daerah yg diinginkan
Khusus utk pembangunan perumahan,
dimana developer diminta membangun
rumah sederhana utk pembangunan
rumah mewah
JOINT VENTURES
Kerjasama pemerintah swasta, dan
keduanya memiiki posisi seimbang.
Tujuan utk memadukan keunggulan
masing-masing pihak
Swasta modal, teknologi, kemampuan
manajemen.
Pemerintah sumber-sumber, kewenangan
dan kepercayaan masyarakat.
CONCESSIONS
Dikenal dalam banyak hal manajamen
prasarana, yaitu :
BOO
BOT
Divestiture
dll
Konsesi
Leases
BOO
BOT
Kontrak manajemen
Kontrak pelayanan
Jangka waktu
Karakteristik Pilihan
Model
Kepemi
likan
O dan
P
Investa
si
Risiko
Jangka
Kontrak
pelayana
n
Publik
Publik dan
privat
Publik
Publik
12
tahun
Kontrak
manajem
en
Publik
Privat
Publik
Publik
35
tahun
Lease
(Sewa)
Publik
Privat
Publik
Dibagi
rata
8 15
tahun
Konsesi
Publik
Privat
Privat
Privat
25 30
tahun
Privat dan
publik
Privat
Privat
Privat
20 30
tahun
BOT/BOO
Divestasi
Privat
atau
privat-
Privat
Privat
Privat
Tak
terbatas
(tergantu
KASUS: PENGELUARAN
PEMBANGUNAN DI KOTA
SEMARANG
Pengeluaran rutin
sebagian besar untuk
membayar gaji
Design-build-operate (DBO) *)
Build Operate Transfer (BOT)
Design-build-operate-maintenance
(DBOM) *)
Finance-design-build-operatemaintenance (FDBOM) *)
*) : diambil alih Pemerintah melalui transaksi jual beli.
PEMERINTAH
PEMERINTAH
Memberikan
Jasa Layanan
Pembayaran
Kontrak
SWASTA
SWASTA
Memberikan
Pelayanan
MASYARAKAT
MASYARAKAT
Membayar
Rekening
PEMERINTAH
PEMERINTAH
Memberika
n Jasa
Pembayara
n Kontrak
SWASTA
SWASTA
Memberika
n
Pelayanan
Membayar
Rekening
MASYARAKAT
MASYARAKAT
PEMERINTAH
PEMERINTAH
Bagi Hasil
Menyewakan
SWASTA
SWASTA
Memberikan
Pelayanan
ESCROW
ESCROW
Fee Pengelolaan
MASYARAKAT
MASYARAKAT
Pembayaran
Rekening
PEMERINTAH
PEMERINTAH
Melakuka
n BOT
Memberikan
hak BOT
SWASTA
SWASTA
Bagi Hasil
ESCROW
ESCROW
Fee Investasi
Memberika
n
Pelayanan
MASYARAKA
MASYARAKA
TT
Membayaran
Rekening
Kontrak
Konsesi
PEMERINTAH
PEMERINTAH
SWASTA
SWASTA
Memberikan
Pelayanan
ESCROW
ESCROW
Fee Investasi
MASYARAKAT
MASYARAKAT
Pembayaran
Rekening
Partnership and
sustainability
Koordinasi dan maksimasi usaha
Masing-masing memberi dukungan atas komitmen yang
telah disepakati
Mengembangkan jenis dan jangkauan usaha yang
dikerjasasamakan
Meningkatkan sumber-sumber untuk ditingkatkan hingga
potensi pasarnya secara berkelanjutan
Working together : partners are not just donors
Roles
Responsibilities
Resources
Plan
(Coordination)
Preparatory work
Partnership
Competitiveness Agenda
Develop international
networks and collaborative
projects
Public policy
to foster
industry
development
Increase the
number of
collaboration
networks
More access
to research
centers for
industry
Better access
to knowledge
and
technology
Develop and
attract highqualified
people
Enhance
research
capabilities
Partnerships and
collaboration frameworks
on e-government
From theory to practice
Definitions
Partnership :
etymologically, a
partner is a shareholder (pars
tenens)
PERKONGSIAN
Collaboration :
etymologically,
collaborate refers
to working together
(co-laborare)
KERJASAMA
Partners have
a common
interest
Collaborators
have a project
in common
Partnership
Who as a common interest?
Countries/governments who aim
at doing things right while not
necessarily doing the some
thing
Within one particular country,
government entities and private
entities who see their own
respective interest in the
success of e-government, while
not necessarily having the same
purposes, objectives of rules
(PPPs)
Any entity interested in
obtaining/providing competence,
expertise or other inputs to help
develop something
Examples/interests
International/regional for a where
best practices can be exchanged,
common interests are mainly for
sharing best practices, identifying
common trends and de facto
standards
Various kinds of PPPs (not to be
confused with delegations or
procurement); respective interests
are for cost reduction, efficiency,
new services, universal service,
(public sector) and profit (private
sector)
Support to national entities
provided by external player (e.g.
neighbouring country, regional or
international organization such
as World Bank, UN,..)
Collaboration
Who as a common project?
Countries/governments who
aim at developing their
respective e-government
strategies and plans in
coordination
Within governments/public
sectors, various
departments/entities working
at developing common
(shared) infrastructures,
databases, tools or standards
(e.g. for security,
interoperability, capacity
building)
Private-public partnerships in
e-government service delivery,
or upstream activities
Examples/projects
efforts to enhance good
practice sharing in the area of
national portals, or peer
reviews of national egov
policies
guidelines and principles of a
documents and public
services
Adopting common middleware
solutions (Public Service
Broker)
Adopting common platforms
for e-procurement
All types of PPPs (more
below)
Developing Public goods
such as research on e-skills
Access
Accesstotoprivate
private
finance
finance
Reduced
Reducedoperational
operationalrisk
riskfor
for
the
public
sector
the public sector
Faster
Fasterdelivery
deliveryofof
capital
capitalprojects
projects
Project
Projectmanagement
management
skills
skills
Improved
Improvedservice
servicedelivery
deliverytoto
citizens
citizens
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurshipand
and
innovation
innovation
Optimum
Optimumutilization
utilizationofof
government
governmentresources
resources
Build,
Build,Operate
Operate&&
Transfer
Transfer(BOT)
(BOT)
Fully
Fully
Government
Government
Venture
Venture
Contract
ContractLicense
License
(Operate
(Operate&&
Maintain)
Maintain)
Special
SpecialPurpose
Purpose
Vehicle
Vehicle(Joint
(Joint
Venture)
Venture)
Lease
Lease
Agreements
Agreements
Build,
Build,Own
Own&&
Operate
Operate
(BOO)
(BOO)
Build,
Build,Own,
Own,
Operate
&
Operate &Transfer
Transfer
(BOOT)
(BOOT)
Complete
Complete
Private
Private
Sector
Sector
Initiative
Initiative
Risk
Risk vs
vs Rewards
Rewards
Design and
Build
Contract
License
BOT
Lease
Agreements
Joint
Venture
BOOT
BOO
Degree of Risk
XX
XX
XXX
XXXX
XXXX
Degree of Reward
Example :
Better value
derived from
government
services
Better access
to information
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Businesses
Businesses
Better access
to information
Better access
to
government
services
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Citizens
Citizens
Better
customer
service
Example :
Efficiency and
transparency
Enhanced
political
capital
High
economic
growth
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Government
Government
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Society/Economy
Society/Economy
Efficient and
innovative
public sector
Citizen
satisfaction
Better value
derived from
government
services
Better access
to information
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Businesses
Businesses
Gain in
productivity
Increased
attractiveness
to investment
and talents
Better access
to information
Better access
to
government
services
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Citizens
Citizens
Better
customer
service
Example
Citizen
satisfaction
Better
access to
information
Efficiency
and
transparenc
y
Enhanced
political
capital
Local and
Central
Governmen
t Synergy
Efficient
and
innovative
public
sector
Clientcentricity
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Businesses
Businesses
Gain in
productivity
Better
access to
information
Competitive
Inclusive
Democracy
Better
access to
government
services
High
economic
growth
Increased
attractivene
ss to
investment
and talents
Better value
derived
from
government
services
Better
customer
service
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Society/Economy
Society/Economy
Benefits
Benefits to
to
Citizens
Citizens
Daftar Pustaka
Bird,R.M.(1999) User Charges in Local Government.
Worldbank paper
Potter,B. (1997). Budgetary and Financial
Management in Ter Minassian(eds)Fiscal
Federalism: in Theory and Practice. International
Monetary Fund, Washington DC
Kim,K.H (1997)Improving Local Government
Finance in a Changing Environment. Habitat
International,vol 21.no.1 pp17-28
Litvack,J.Ahmad J, and Bird R.(1998). Rethinking
decentralization in Developing Cpuntries/ Poverty
Reduction and Economic Management Sector Study
Series. Washington,DC: The WB