APLIKASI

TERMODINAMIKA

APLIKASI TERMODINAMIKA
PADA PROSES ALIR
Fluida:
Materi yang bisa mengalir, gas atau cairan
Akspansivitas volume

1 V

V T

1 V

Kompresibilitas Isotermal
V P

Fluida kompresibel : volume berubah karena tekanan atau

perubahan suhu; mis. gas 0; 0
Fluida inkompresibel : volume tidak berubah karena tekanan
atau perubahan suhu; suatu idealisasi ; cairan hampir bisa
dianggap sebagai fluida inkompresibel. 0; 0

Aliran Fluida dalam Pipa

2

m 1 m 2

Pers. Kontinuitas :

(kg/s)

u1 A1 u2 A2

V1
V2
u 2

M2
du
CP
dS
u
T
dx
1 M 2 dx

dP
T

dx
V

dS
0
dx

Bilangan Mach M = u/c;

u
CP
1 M2

irreversible

m/s m 2

3
m
/ kg

dS
dx

c = kecepatan suara
M2 < 1

subsonic

du
0
dx
dP
0
dx

Fluida inkompresibel proses irreversible

u1 A1 u 2 A2

V1
V2

dH C P dT 1 T VdP
dS C P

u1 u2

A1 A2 dan V1 V2

dT
VdP
T

dH C P dT

0; 0
dS C P

dT
T

dS 0

dT 0

atau

T2 T1

dH TdS VdP
dH C P dT VdP
u1 u 2

Cp dT V dP

u 2
H
gz Ws Q
2

Cp T2 T1 V P2 P1
T2 T1

P2 P1

H 0

Nozzles and Diffusers

A diffuser converts high
speed, low pressure
flow to low speed, high
pressure flow

A nozzle converts high

pressure, low speed
flow to low pressure,
high speed flow

u 2
H
gz Ws Q
2

u2 u12 2 H 2 H1
Subsonic: M <1
Supersonic: M <1
Converging Diverging Converging Diverging

dA
dx
dP
dx
du
dx

For subsonic flow in a converging nozzle, the velocity increases as the cross-sectional
area diminishes. The maximum value is the speed of sound, reached at the throat.

Throttling
u 2
H
gz Ws Q
2

H 0
For ideal gas: H 0

Constant enthalpy
H 2 H1

Throttling
Valve

T2 T1

For most real gas at moderate conditions of temperature and pressure, a reduction
in pressure at constant enthalpy results in a decrease in temperature.

Menghitung H dan S (review)

ig
C
ig
ig
H C P dT R P dT
T0
T0 R
T

ig
P

dT
P
C dT
P
S C
R ln R
R ln
T0
T0 R T
T
P0
P0
ig

ig
P

Jika tersedia tabel (spt tabel uap/steam table) pakai

H = H2 - H1
Dan S = S2 - S1
Untuk non ideal gas (real) dibahas pd termodinamika lanjut

Turbin

u 2
H
gz Ws Q
2

W S m H m ( H 2 H1 )

WS H H 2 H1

Menghasilkan kerja maksimum jika

proses adiabatik reversibel (isentropik,
S1 = S2)
WS (isentropic ) (H ) S

The turbine efficiency

WS
H

WS (isentropic ) (H ) S

Values for properly designed turbines: = 0.7~ 0.8

A steam turbine with rated capacity of 56400 kW operates with steam

at inlet conditions of 8600 kPa and 500C, and discharge into a
condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. Assuming a turbine efficiency of
0.75, determine the state of the steam at discharge and the mass rate of
flow of the steam.
P1 8600kPa T1 500 C
H1 3391.6 kJ

kg

S1 6.6858 kJ

H S H 2 H1 1274.2 kJ kg
H H S 955.6 kJ

kg K

Turbine

kg

H 2 H1 H 2436.0 kJ

kg

(1 x v ) H 2l x v H 2v

x 0.9378 S 2 (1 x ) S x S 7.6846 kJ
v

W S m H 56400 kJ
m 59.02 kg

W S

l
2

v
2

P2 10kPa S 2 6.6858 kJ

kg K

kg K

(1 x v ) S 2l x v S 2v (1 x v )0.6493 x v 8.1511 6.6858 kJ

S
2
s
kg K

H 2 (1 x v ) H 2l x v H 2v 2117 .4 kJ

kg

x v 0.8047

Kompresor
compressor

W S

Tekanan meningkat
Kompresor utk gas, pompa utk cairan
Membutuhkan kerja/energi dari lingkungan
u 2
H
gz Ws Q
2

W S m H m ( H 2 H1 )

WS H H 2 H1

Kerja minimum pada proses adiabatik reversibel (isentropik, S1 = S2)

WS (isentropic ) (H ) S

The compressor efficiency

WS (isentropic ) (H ) S

WS
H

Values for properly designed compressors: = 0.7~ 0.8

Saturated-vapor steam at 100 kPa (tsat = 99.63 C ) is compressed

adiabatically to 300 kPa. If the compressor efficiency is 0.75, what is
the work required and what is the work required and what are the
properties of the discharge stream?
For saturated steam at 100 kPa: S1 7.3598

kJ
kJ
H1 2675.4
kg K
kg

Isentropic compression

S 2 S1 7.3598
T2 246.1 C
S 2 7.5019

kJ
kg K

kJ 300 kPa
kg K

H 2 2888.8

kJ
kg

300 kPa H H H 2959.9 kJ

2
1
kg

H S

kJ
213.4
kg

H S

284.5

WS H 284.5

kJ
kg

kJ
kg

Pompa
Prinsip sama dengan kompresor, tetapi
pompa untuk cairan
dT
VdP
T

dH C P dT V (1 T )dP

dS C P

H C P T V (1 T )P

S C P ln

Ws (isentropic ) H S V ( P2 P1 )

T2
VP
T1

Steam Power Plant

(Pembangkit Tenaga Uap)
/BOILER

Siklus Termodinamika Pembangkit

Tenaga Uap pada diagram TS

Refrigerator

Generic
Refrigeration
Cycle

Thermodynamic Cycle

Typical
Refrigeration
Cycle

Components
Refrigerant (working
fluid)
Evaporator/Chiller
Compressor
Condenser
Receiver
Thermostatic
expansion valve (TXV)

Refrigerant
Desirable properties:
High latent heat of vaporization - max cooling
Non-toxicity (no health hazard)
Desirable saturation temp (for operating pressure)
Chemical stability (non-flammable/non-explosive)
Ease of leak detection
Low cost
Readily available
Commonly use FREON (R-12, R-114, etc.), but now it is
prohibited because it causes ozon depletion.